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因此,迦太基不仅仅是一度存在于古地中海世界的文化多样性实例的有力证明,它也实实在在地提醒着我们:历史为我们做出的选择有多么冷酷无情。
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[1] Silius Italicus,Punica,ed. & tr. J. Duff. 2 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1934. 2.395-456.
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[2] Starks,J. 1999 ‘Fides Aeneia:The Transference of Punic Stereotypes in the Aeneid’,Classical Journal,257-260;Prandi,L. 1979 ‘La “Fides punica” e il pregiudizio anticartaginese’,Contributi dell’istituto di storia antica,6:90-97.尽管一些学者指出,盾牌上的图画展现的是一些令人不快的、有争议的话题:迦太基人与罗马人的无信义之举——汉尼拔被描绘为(他与罗马之间的)协议的破坏者,而埃阿涅斯则为了前往意大利(他的祖先最终在那里建立了罗马)无情地抛弃了自己的爱人狄多——但实际上,在这里,整个所谓忠诚的问题就是强加给迦太基人的罗马情结。关于汉尼拔铠甲的更多信息见Vessey,D. 1975 ‘Silius Italicus:The Shield of Hannibal’,American Journal of Philology《美国语言学杂志》,96:391-405,Campus,A. 2003a ‘Silio Italico,Punica,II,391-456:Lo scudo di Annibale’,in Atti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti Classe di scienze morali storiche e filologiche. Rome。
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[3] Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,53-55;Dubuisson,M. 1983 ‘L’image du carthaginois dans la littérature latine’,in E. Gubel,E. Lipiński & B. Servais-Soyez(eds.)1983 Redt Tyrus=Sauvons Tyr. Histoire Phénicienne=Fenicische Geschiedenis. Leuven. 159-67;Isaac,B. 2004 The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton,325-335.
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[4] Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,18.22.
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[5] 陶尔米纳的蒂迈欧:见第14~15页下方对这位历史学家的讨论。
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[6] Sallust,War with Catiline,War with Jugurtha,Selections from the Histories,ed. & tr. J. Rolfe. Cambridge,Mass.,1931,1.9;Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History,ed. & tr. F. Shipley. Cambridge,Mass.,1924,2.1;Orosius(‘Paul Orose’),Histoires contre les païens [History against the Pagans],ed. & French tr. M.-P. Arnaud-Lindet. 3 vols. Paris,1990-91,4.23,5.8.
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[7] Miles,R. 2003 ‘Rivalling Rome:Carthage’,in C. Edwards & G. Woolf(eds.)2003 Rome the Cosmopolis. Cambridge. 123-46.
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[8] Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History,ed. & tr. F. Shipley. Cambridge,Mass.,1924,2.19.4;Plutarch Mar. 40.4.
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[9] Franko,G. 1994 ‘The Use of Poenus and Carthaginiensis in Early Latin Literature’,Classical Philology《古典语言学》,154.
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[10] Brecht,B. 1951 Letter eventually published in Offener Brief an die deutschen Künstler und Schriftsteller. Frankfurt,1997.
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[11] 阿尔比昂为英国的古代称呼。(本书脚注皆为译者注。)
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[12] Schmidt,H. 1953 ‘The Idea and Slogan of “Perfidious Albion”’,Journal of the History of Ideas,604-609.
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[13] 这一绰号无处不在的证据见W.McGurn,Perfidious Albion:The Abandonment of Hong Kong(Washington DC,1991)。
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[14]The Jeffersonian Encyclopaedia 1900,305;转引自Schmidt,H. 1953 ‘The Idea and Slogan of “Perfidious Albion”’,Journal of the History of Ideas,611 n.35。
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[15] Bernal,M. 1987 Black Athena:The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization,vol. 1. Piscataway,350-352.
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[16] Schmidt,H. 1953 ‘The Idea and Slogan of “Perfidious Albion”’,Journal of the History of Ideas,610-611;Bernal,M. 1987 Black Athena:The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization,vol. 1. Piscataway,352-355.
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[17] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,441-444.
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[18] 见Green,A. 1982 Flaubert and the Historical Novel:‘Salammbô’Reassessed. Cambridge中对《萨朗波》一书背景卓有成效的研究。
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[19] Sainte-Beuve,C.-A.,1971 ‘Articles de Sainte-Beuve sur Salammbô’,in Gustave Flaubert,Salammbô,Œuvres complètes de Gustave Flaubert,vol. 2. Paris,437.
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[20] Cullingford,E. 1996 ‘British Romans and Irish Carthaginians:Anticolonial Metaphor in Heaney,Friel,and McGuinness’,Proceedings of the Modern Languages Association of America,225-227,234;Lennon,J. 2004 Irish Orientalism:A Literary and Intellectual History. Syracuse,NY,84-85.
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[21] Byron,George Gordon,Lord 1988 Don Juan,ed. T. Steffan. London,8.23.3-7.
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[22] 指爱尔兰独立战争年代。
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[23] 例如Seamus Heaney的 North,1975(Cullingford,E. 1996 ‘British Romans and Irish Carthaginians:Anticolonial Metaphor in Heaney,Friel,and McGuinness’,Proceedings of the Modern Languages Association of America,228-230),Brian Friel的 Translations(1980)或Frank McGuinness的 Carthaginians 1988(Van Weyenberg 2003)。
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[24] 例如:伊曼纽尔·奥姆哈·伊思埃莫哈伊(Emanuel Omoh Esiemokhai)的Iraq the New Carthage:International Lawand Diplomacy in the Iraq Crisis(Ife-Ife,2003);理查德·格温(Richard Gwyn):《残暴的对外政策:布什对伊拉克的强硬立场表明,绝不允许再有一个迦太基崛起,与今日的“罗马”抗衡》(Toronto Star,2002年9月18日);就连诸如阿兰·威尔金斯(Alan Wilkins)的剧本《迦太基必须毁灭》(Carthage Must be Destroyed,London,2007)这样没有明确提到伊拉克的作品也引发了相关的评论。
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