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[40] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,13.3.4。
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[41] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,13.57.4-5,13.86.2-3。
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[42] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,13.90.1-6。
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[43] Hoyos,B. D. 2003 Hannibal’s Dynasty:Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean 247-183 BC. London,212-222;Lancel,S. 1999 Hannibal,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,25-28.
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[44] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7(21.38.3)也读过辛西乌斯·阿里门图斯(Cincius Alimentus)的著作,后者事实上在第二次布匿战争期间为汉尼拔所俘。
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[45] 关于波利比乌斯的《历史》(Histories)的研究见Champion,C. 2004 Cultural Politics in Polybius’ Histories. Berkeley,Walbank,F. W. 1957-79 A Historical Commentary on Polybius. 3 vols. Oxford。
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[46] Walbank,F. W. 1985 Selected Papers:Studies in Greek and Roman History and Historiography. Cambridge,262-279.
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[47] Walbank,F. W. 1985 Selected Papers:Studies in Greek and Roman History and Historiography. Cambridge,272,但波利比乌斯对蒂迈欧的指控之一,是后者以蔑视的态度对待其他历史学家。
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[48] Walbank,F. W. 1957-79 A Historical Commentary on Polybius. 3 vols. Oxford,I:63-130;Walbank,F. W. 1985 Selected Papers:Studies in Greek and Roman History and Historiography. Cambridge,77-98;Scuderi,R. 2002 ‘Filino di Agrigento’,in Vattuone(ed.)2002,277-284.
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[49] Plutarch Pomp. 11.3-4.
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[50] Harden,D. 1939 ‘The Topography of Punic Carthage’,Greece and Rome《希腊与罗马》,9,25:1-12,关于这座被焚毁城市的其他考古学证据可参见Docter,R. et al. 2006 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Second Preliminary Report on the Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2003-2004)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,75-76。
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[51] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,199-204.
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[52] Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,481-483.
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[53] Lipinski 1988b,169-174.
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[54] Lipinski 1988b,169-174.
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[55] Dubuisson,M. 1983 ‘L’image du carthaginois dans la littérature latine’,in E. Gubel,E. Lipiński & B. Servais-Soyez(eds.)1983 Redt Tyrus=Sauvons Tyr. Histoire Phénicienne=Fenicische Geschiedenis. Leuven. 159-67;Starks,J. 1999 ‘Fides Aeneia:The Transference of Punic Stereotypes in the Aeneid’,Classical Journal,259-260.
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[56] Bernal,M. 1987 Black Athena:The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization,vol. 1. Piscataway,352,355.
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[57] 与众多迦太基陵墓一样,这座陵墓因地震及后来的城市开发而遭到严重破坏,但幸存的部分足以让考古学者通过坚持不懈的努力来重现这座建筑的原貌。每一个迦太基建筑学学者面临的问题,与文学学者面临的问题是一样的:材料稀缺。后世罗马城市的开发与蓄意的毁坏令这些建筑殆无孑遗。历经古代与现代劫难幸存下来的寥寥无几的样本往往坐落于迦太基北非领土的东部与西部边缘地区。关于大莱普提斯(Leptis Magna)、奥意(Oea,今的黎波里)和萨布拉塔的起源可参见Longerstay 1995,828-833。萨布拉塔的陵墓也非一人专有。在距萨布拉塔陵墓仅100米外的地方掘出一栋类似的建筑,而另一个陵墓则在阿尔及利亚西部的奥兰(Oran)附近被发现。
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[58] Di Vita,A. 1976:‘Il mausoleo punico-ellenistico B di Sabratha’,Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Römische Abteilung《徳国考古学会罗马学分会公报》,83,1:273-85
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[59] 例如,呈公羊角状,中间夹有一片棕榈叶的螺旋形爱奥尼亚式首都曾长期未受到希腊世界的喜爱,但其自公元前4世纪起成为迦太基建筑学中极为流行的元素(Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,311)。
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[60] 即旧瓶装新酒。
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[61] 关于迦太基人身穿希腊式服饰的证据见Maes,A. 1989 ‘L’habillement masculine à Carthage à l’époque des guerres puniques’,in Devijver & Lipiński(eds.)1989,15-24。希腊语证据见Thuillier,J.-P. 1982 ‘Timbres amphoriques puniques écrits en lettres grecques’,in Actes:Colloque sur la Céramique Antique. Carthage 23-24 Juin 1980. Tunis;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,275-276。文学著作证据见Cornelius Nepos,Hamilcar,Hannibal,Timoleon,in Lives of Eminent Commanders,ed. & tr. J. Rolfe. London,1929. 23.13.2;Dio Cassius,Roman History,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 9 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-27,13.54.3。希腊哲学证据见Diogenes Laertius,Clitomachus,Herillus,in Lives of the Eminent Philosophers,ed. & tr. H. Hicks,2 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1925,7.1.37.3.165;Iamblichus,On the Pythagorean Life,tr. G. Clark. Liverpool,1989,27,36。
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[62] 指从近东文明那里汲取养分。
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[63] 关于古希腊文明对伟大的近东文明欠下不容否认的恩情这一话题的研究见Burkert,W. 1992 The Orientalizing Revolution:Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age,tr. M. Pinder & W. Burkert. Cambridge,Mass.
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