打字猴:1.706549569e+09
1706549569
1706549570 [15] Niemeyer,H. G. 1990 ‘The Phoenicians in the Mediterranean:A Non-Greek Model for Expansion and Settlement in Antiquity’,in J.-P. Descœudres(ed.)1990 Greek Colonists and Native Populations:Proceedings of the First Australian Congress of Classical Archaeology Held in Honour of Emeritus Professor A. D. Trendall. Oxford,487.
1706549571
1706549572 [16] 按照布南斯(Bunnens,G. 1979 L’expansion phénicienne en Méditerranée. Brussels)的推测,迦太基城起初并不是一次精心策划的殖民冒险计划的产物,而是作为一座供一群定居商人使用的贸易港——就像地中海西部的其他腓尼基移民点一样——而建立的,只是后来迦太基人重塑了自己的历史,将迦太基建设为一个非同寻常的殖民地。毋庸置疑的是,重塑历史的进程令迦太基变得更为强大,但这一成就有一部分是建立在一个精心打造的殖民地所面临环境的特殊性基础之上的。巴林(Baurain,C. 1988 ‘Le Rôle de Chypre dans la fondation de Carthage’,in Lipiński(ed.)1988,15-28)别出心裁地认为艾丽莎传说实际上是塞浦路斯岛上迦太基城建立传说的附会产物。然而,这一论点是建立在文献资料与考古学证据必须彼此相关的错误概念基础上的。没有理由相信这个传说所说的并非非洲的迦太基城。
1706549573
1706549574 [17] Kourou,N. 2002 ‘Phéniciens,Chypriotes,Eubéens et la fondation de Carthage’,Cahier du Centre d’études Chypriotes,92-97.
1706549575
1706549576 [18] Niemeyer,H. G.,& Docter,R. F. 1993 ‘Die Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus von Karthago’,Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Römische Abteilung《徳国考古学会罗马学分会公报》,100:201-44;Vegas,M. 1999 ‘Eine archaische Keramikfüllung aus einem Haus am Kardo XIII in Karthago’,Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Römische Abteilung《徳国考古学会罗马学分会公报》,106:395-435;Kourou,N. 2002 ‘Phéniciens,Chypriotes,Eubéens et la fondation de Carthage’,Cahier du Centre d’études Chypriotes,92-96.
1706549577
1706549578 [19] Docter,R. 2000b ‘Carthage and the Tyrrhenian in the 8th and 7th Centuries B.C. Central Italian Transport Amphorae and Fine Wares Found under the Decumanus Maximus’,in M. Aubet & M. Barthélemy(eds.)2000 Actas del IV Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos,Cádiz,2 al 6 de octubre de 1995,vol. 1. Cadiz. 329-38.
1706549579
1706549580 [20] Briese,C.,& Docter,R. 1992 ‘Der phönizische Skyphos:Adaption einer griechischen Trinkschale’,Madrider Mitteilungen,33:25-69;Kourou,N. 2002 ‘Phéniciens,Chypriotes,Eubéens et la fondation de Carthage’,Cahier du Centre d’études Chypriotes,101-102.然而,博德曼(2006,199)认为,迦太基很可能原本就是一个“多民族聚居的海外殖民贸易港”,这一观点夸大了埃维亚人对早期移民群体的影响力。
1706549581
1706549582 [21] Niemeyer,H. G.,& Docter,R. F. 1993 ‘Die Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus von Karthago’,Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Römische Abteilung《徳国考古学会罗马学分会公报》,213-214.
1706549583
1706549584 [22] Van Zeist,W.,Bottema,S.,and Van der Veen,M. 2001. Diet and Vegetation at Ancient Carthage:The Archaeobotanical Evidence. Groningen.
1706549585
1706549586 [23] Van Wijngaarden-Bakker,L. 2007 ‘The Animal Remains from Carthage,Campaign 1993’,in Niemeyer et al.(eds.)2007,846-848.
1706549587
1706549588 [24] Bechtold,B. 2008 Observations on the Amphora Repertoire of Middle Punic Carthage. Ghent,75-76;Fentress,E.,& Docter,R. 2008 ‘North Africa:Rural Settlement and Agricultural Production’,in P. Van Dommelen & C. Gómez Bellard(eds.)2008 Rural Landscapes of the Punic World. London,2-3.
1706549589
1706549590 [25] Docter,R. et al. 2006 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Second Preliminary Report on the Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2003-2004)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,39-43.
1706549591
1706549592 [26] Docter,R. et al. 2006 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Second Preliminary Report on the Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2003-2004)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,39-45。
1706549593
1706549594 [27] 迦太基城可能有一座公元前8世纪时期的古老公墓,相关论点见Docter,R. et al. 2003 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Preliminary Report on the First Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2002-2003)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,46-48;2006,43-45。
1706549595
1706549596 [28] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,51-55.
1706549597
1706549598 [29] Benichou-Safar,H. 1982 Les tombes puniques de Carthage:topographie,structures,inscriptions et rites funéraires. Paris,262,272-285;Tore,G. 1995 ‘L’art,sarcophages,reliefs,stèles’,in Krings(ed.)1995,471-93;Debergh,J. 1973,‘La libation à caractère funéraire à carthage:état de la question et direction de la recherché’,Revue Beige de Philologie et d’Histoire,241-242;Gsell,S. 1924 Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du nord. Paris,457-458.
1706549599
1706549600 [30] Fantar,M. 1979 Eschatologie phénicienne punique. Tunis,12-15;Dussaud,R. 1935 ‘La notion d’âme chez les israélites et les phéniciens’,Syria,270;Gsell,S. 1924 Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du nord. Paris,457.
1706549601
1706549602 [31] Virolleaud,C. 1931 ‘The Gods of Phoenicia’,Antiquity,355;Dussaud,R. 1935 ‘La notion d’âme chez les israélites et les phéniciens’,Syria,269;Dies Cusi 1995,413-414.
1706549603
1706549604 [32] 气息之意。
1706549605
1706549606 [33] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,219;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,45;Docter,R. et al. 2006 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Second Preliminary Report on the Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2003-2004)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,39-40.
1706549607
1706549608 [34] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,60-76.黎凡特文化持续强劲的影响力可以从那些大规模生产的装饰过的迦太基鸵鸟蛋上看出,这些鸵鸟蛋被销往西部腓尼基世界的各个地区,时常出现在陪葬品组合之中。鸵鸟蛋的意义似乎与在腓尼基宗教思想中存在的伟大的“宇宙之蛋”有关——当它一分为二时,它代表的是天堂与人间在鸿蒙之初的彼此分离。迦太基位于北非,这一地理位置无疑保证了它可以源源不断地获得这种鸟蛋(Ribichini,S. 1995 ‘Les Mentalités’,in Krings(ed.)1995,338)。
1706549609
1706549610 [35] Fentress,E.,& Docter,R. 2008 ‘North Africa:Rural Settlement and Agricultural Production’,in P. Van Dommelen & C. Gómez Bellard(eds.)2008 Rural Landscapes of the Punic World. London,3.
1706549611
1706549612 [36] 在已发现的结构最为复杂的墓室中,尸体是盛放在一口石棺或一个在墙上凿出的壁龛之中的。由石板构成的斜尖屋顶覆盖在墓室上方。墓室正面通常用一排石墙封住。最为奢华的墓葬装修得更为精细:用上等的白色石膏作为内墙材料,或用香木作为天花板的镶板材料。然而,最早期的迦太基人的墓葬是比较简陋的,他们挖出一个长方形的坑,用石板将尸体围起来。
1706549613
1706549614 [37] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,7.165-166;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,13.43.5,14.34.5.
1706549615
1706549616 [38] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,229;Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,496-497.
1706549617
1706549618 [39] Sznycer,M. 1978 ‘Carthage et la civilisation punique’,in C. Nicolet 1978 Rome et la conquête du Monde Méditerranéen 264-27 avant J.-C.,vol. 2,Paris,567-570.
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