打字猴:1.706549582e+09
1706549582 [21] Niemeyer,H. G.,& Docter,R. F. 1993 ‘Die Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus von Karthago’,Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Römische Abteilung《徳国考古学会罗马学分会公报》,213-214.
1706549583
1706549584 [22] Van Zeist,W.,Bottema,S.,and Van der Veen,M. 2001. Diet and Vegetation at Ancient Carthage:The Archaeobotanical Evidence. Groningen.
1706549585
1706549586 [23] Van Wijngaarden-Bakker,L. 2007 ‘The Animal Remains from Carthage,Campaign 1993’,in Niemeyer et al.(eds.)2007,846-848.
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1706549588 [24] Bechtold,B. 2008 Observations on the Amphora Repertoire of Middle Punic Carthage. Ghent,75-76;Fentress,E.,& Docter,R. 2008 ‘North Africa:Rural Settlement and Agricultural Production’,in P. Van Dommelen & C. Gómez Bellard(eds.)2008 Rural Landscapes of the Punic World. London,2-3.
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1706549590 [25] Docter,R. et al. 2006 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Second Preliminary Report on the Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2003-2004)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,39-43.
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1706549592 [26] Docter,R. et al. 2006 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Second Preliminary Report on the Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2003-2004)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,39-45。
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1706549594 [27] 迦太基城可能有一座公元前8世纪时期的古老公墓,相关论点见Docter,R. et al. 2003 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Preliminary Report on the First Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2002-2003)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,46-48;2006,43-45。
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1706549596 [28] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,51-55.
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1706549598 [29] Benichou-Safar,H. 1982 Les tombes puniques de Carthage:topographie,structures,inscriptions et rites funéraires. Paris,262,272-285;Tore,G. 1995 ‘L’art,sarcophages,reliefs,stèles’,in Krings(ed.)1995,471-93;Debergh,J. 1973,‘La libation à caractère funéraire à carthage:état de la question et direction de la recherché’,Revue Beige de Philologie et d’Histoire,241-242;Gsell,S. 1924 Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du nord. Paris,457-458.
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1706549600 [30] Fantar,M. 1979 Eschatologie phénicienne punique. Tunis,12-15;Dussaud,R. 1935 ‘La notion d’âme chez les israélites et les phéniciens’,Syria,270;Gsell,S. 1924 Histoire ancienne de l’Afrique du nord. Paris,457.
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1706549602 [31] Virolleaud,C. 1931 ‘The Gods of Phoenicia’,Antiquity,355;Dussaud,R. 1935 ‘La notion d’âme chez les israélites et les phéniciens’,Syria,269;Dies Cusi 1995,413-414.
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1706549604 [32] 气息之意。
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1706549606 [33] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,219;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,45;Docter,R. et al. 2006 ‘Carthage Bir Massouda:Second Preliminary Report on the Bilateral Excavations of Ghent University and the Institut National du Patrimoine(2003-2004)’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,39-40.
1706549607
1706549608 [34] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,60-76.黎凡特文化持续强劲的影响力可以从那些大规模生产的装饰过的迦太基鸵鸟蛋上看出,这些鸵鸟蛋被销往西部腓尼基世界的各个地区,时常出现在陪葬品组合之中。鸵鸟蛋的意义似乎与在腓尼基宗教思想中存在的伟大的“宇宙之蛋”有关——当它一分为二时,它代表的是天堂与人间在鸿蒙之初的彼此分离。迦太基位于北非,这一地理位置无疑保证了它可以源源不断地获得这种鸟蛋(Ribichini,S. 1995 ‘Les Mentalités’,in Krings(ed.)1995,338)。
1706549609
1706549610 [35] Fentress,E.,& Docter,R. 2008 ‘North Africa:Rural Settlement and Agricultural Production’,in P. Van Dommelen & C. Gómez Bellard(eds.)2008 Rural Landscapes of the Punic World. London,3.
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1706549612 [36] 在已发现的结构最为复杂的墓室中,尸体是盛放在一口石棺或一个在墙上凿出的壁龛之中的。由石板构成的斜尖屋顶覆盖在墓室上方。墓室正面通常用一排石墙封住。最为奢华的墓葬装修得更为精细:用上等的白色石膏作为内墙材料,或用香木作为天花板的镶板材料。然而,最早期的迦太基人的墓葬是比较简陋的,他们挖出一个长方形的坑,用石板将尸体围起来。
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1706549614 [37] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,7.165-166;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,13.43.5,14.34.5.
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1706549616 [38] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,229;Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,496-497.
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1706549618 [39] Sznycer,M. 1978 ‘Carthage et la civilisation punique’,in C. Nicolet 1978 Rome et la conquête du Monde Méditerranéen 264-27 avant J.-C.,vol. 2,Paris,567-570.
1706549619
1706549620 [40] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,210-211.在巴尔·萨芬神庙中,有5个不同价位的收费项目:成年牛、小牛、成年羊、羊羔,最后是鸟类。它亦向经济不是那么宽裕的请愿者提供用糕点、油、奶和面粉制成的廉价祭品。
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1706549622 [41] 在几段迦太基铭文中(CIS=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Pars Prima Inscriptiones Phoenicias Continens. Paris,1881,i.227,260-262,377;i.5510)出现了“阿施塔特的天神丈夫的重生”,或“死亡之神的觉醒,带着阿斯特隆纳的气息”(根据译文得出)。大多数学者一致认为这些铭文提到了麦勒卡特神庙的祭司(Lipinski 1970,30-58;Krahmalkov,C. 2000 Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven,308-309;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,204-207)。
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1706549624 [42] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,199-204.在铭文中她经常被写成“Rabbat”(夫人或“母亲”之意)或“Rabbatenu”(“我们的夫人”之意)。
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1706549626 [43] Le Glay,M. 1966 Saturn africain. Paris,440;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,194-199.关于巴尔·哈蒙的肖像,极少有实物被发现。然而,在距迦太基城约160公里远的一处沿海移民点发现了一片年代可追溯到公元前5世纪的石碑残片,其上刻有一个留着胡须,头戴圆锥形头饰,身穿一件长袍的天神形象。他的一只手握着一根长矛,另一只手似乎呈赐福状。
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1706549628 [44] Exodus 22:29.献祭国王之子之事见《列王纪》16:3,21:6。对《旧约》中关于“莫尔克”献祭仪式的研究见Heider,G. 1985 The Cult of Molek:A Reassessment. Sheffield。犹太人的激烈反对见申命记12:31,18:10;耶利米7:31,19:5,32:35;以西结20:31。《旧约》中用子女作为祭品的另一个例子见Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,246-248。
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1706549630 [45] Eusebius of Caeserea,Evangelica Praeparatio [Preparation for the Gospel],ed. H. Gifford. Oxford,1903,1.10.44.这一信息据称源自一位于公元前10世纪左右定居于贝里图斯(Berytus,今贝鲁特)的腓尼基人桑楚尼亚松(Sanchuniathon)的著作。
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