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[45] Eusebius of Caeserea,Evangelica Praeparatio [Preparation for the Gospel],ed. H. Gifford. Oxford,1903,1.10.44.这一信息据称源自一位于公元前10世纪左右定居于贝里图斯(Berytus,今贝鲁特)的腓尼基人桑楚尼亚松(Sanchuniathon)的著作。
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[46] Gianto,A. 1987 ‘Some Notes on the Mulk Inscription from Nebi Yunisc(RES 367)’,Biblica,68:397-401.此外,在约旦安曼(Amman)发现的一座火神殿中找到了大量人类骨殖,一些考古学者将它们与祭品联系在一起(Ottoson,M. 1980 Temples and Cult Places in Palestine. Uppsala,101-104)。
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[47] 关于迦太基与迦太基世界的童祭,最为全面的研究见Shelby Brown,S. 1991 Late Carthaginian Child Sacrifice and Sacrificial Monuments in their Mediterranean Context. Sheffield,Benichou-Safar,H. 2004 Le tophet de Salammbô à Carthage:essai de reconstitution. Rome,Stager 1982 及Stager,L.,& Wolff,S. 1984 ‘Child Sacrifice at Carthage:Religious Rite or Population Control?’,Biblical Archaeology Review,10:30-51。在古代证据方面,公元前5世纪的雅典剧作家索福克勒斯(Sophocles)的剧本《安德罗墨达》(Andromeda)的残篇中间接提到,“外国人”为纪念克罗诺斯而举行人祭。由于克拉诺斯是迦太基最高天神巴尔·哈蒙在希腊神话中的对应,学者们认为这里的“外国”指的是迦太基世界。然而,首个提到迦太基童祭的记录来自公元前4世纪(柏拉图写于公元前315年的《米诺斯》)。有影响力的希腊哲学家泰奥弗拉斯托斯(Theophrastus,约公元前371~前287年)也认为,人祭是迦太基流行的祭祀仪式(Fr.13.22-6;Porphyry,On Abstinence from Killing Animals,ed. J. Bouffartigue,M. Patillon & A.-P. Segonds. 3 vols. Paris,1979-95;tr. G. Clark. Ithaca,NY,2000,2.27.2)。希腊裔西西里作家狄奥多罗斯(13.86.3)宣称,一名迦太基军事长官在其部队围攻一座城市的时候,为了获得神灵的支持,用一名孩童向克拉诺斯献祭。后世的一名罗马作家声称,迦太基人的行径是如此残忍,以至于连波斯人——几乎没有人听说过他们的善行——都命令他们停止这种邪恶的习俗(Justin,Apologies,ed. A. Blunt. Cambridge,1911,19.1.10)。
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[48] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,20.14.4-7.
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[49] Cleitarchus,Scholia Platonica,ed. W. Greene. Chicago,1981,377A.类似的论点见Plato,Minos,in Charmides [etc.],ed. & tr. W. Lamb. Cambridge,Mass.,1927,315B-C。
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[50] Plutarch,Moralia,ed. & tr. F. Babitt et al. 15 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1927-69,171C-D.
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[51] 辛塔的教堂——发掘者相信它是第一个腓尼基托菲特建筑的地基——很可能只残留着一堆杂乱的骨灰瓮(Gras,M.,Rouillard,P.,& Teixidor,P. 1995 L’Univers phénicien,2nd edn. Paris,273)。
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[52] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,249-250.
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[53] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,251-252;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,248-249.
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[54]CIS=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Pars Prima Inscriptiones Phoenicias Continens. Paris,1881,i.5507.
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[55] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,247.
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[56] 几段从迦太基托菲特找到的铭文里有这么一句惯用语:“奉迦太基人民之命。”(Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,254)
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[57] Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,116.
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[58] Van Dommelen,P. 2006 ‘Colonial Matters. Material Culture and Postcolonial Theory in Colonial Situations’,in C. Y. Tilley et al.(eds.)2006 Handbook of Material Culture. London,122-123中描述了位于地中海极西部和中部的不同类型的移民点。
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[59] 关于迦太基为维持与希腊和黎凡特地区的历史悠久的贸易往来而出力甚多的证据,来自马耳他岛及其姐妹岛戈佐(Gozo),它们都是跨地中海贸易航线的重要中转站。那里有明显的考古学证据表明,公元前6世纪末时就有迦太基人在岛上活动(Sagona,C. 2002 The Archaeology of Punic Malta. Leuven,25-53)。
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[60] Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,57-74.
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[61] 布南斯(1979)特别指出迦太基人是一群帝国主义者,他还大力宣扬腓尼基人是一群帝国主义殖民者而非贸易者的观点。
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[62] Schulten,A. 1922,Tartessos. Ein Beitrag zur ältesten Geschichte des Westens. Hamburg.最近布劳恩(Braun,T. 2004 ‘Hecataeus’Knowledge of the Western Mediterranean’,in Lomas(ed.)2004,302)提出一个可能的猜想,即迦太基人于公元前500年左右毁灭了塔尔特苏斯,并且接管了它的贸易。
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[63] Justin,Apologies,ed. A. Blunt. Cambridge,1911,44.5.1-3.这并不是唯一一个描述西班牙原住民与加迪斯人之间的紧张关系的故事。公元5世纪的罗马作家马克罗比乌斯(Macrobius)讲述了一则传闻:一个名叫西伦(Theron)的国王进攻了这座城市(Sat. 1.20.12)。另请参阅维特鲁维斯(Vitruvius,On Architecture,ed. & tr. F. Granger. 2 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1931-4)10.1-3,这篇写于多年以后的罗马军事著作宣称迦太基人在这次攻城战中首次使用了攻城槌。尽管维特鲁维斯并未给出这次事件发生的确切日期,但他随后提到在这之后,马其顿的腓力于公元前340~前339年围攻了拜占庭,在这场战斗中,腓力借鉴了同一种攻城手段。早些时候另一篇论文也提到了这个故事(Athenaeus,The Deipnosophists [The Learned Banqueters],ed. & tr. S. Olson & C. Gulick. 7 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1927-41,4.9.3:Krings,V. 1998 Carthage et les Grecs c.580-480 av. J.-C. Leiden,229-260;Barcelo 1988,1-22,38-42)。
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[64] Justin,Apologies,ed. A. Blunt. Cambridge,1911,18.7.1-2.
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[65] Justin,Apologies,ed. A. Blunt. Cambridge,1911,19.1.1-6;Pausanias,Description of Greece,ed. & tr. W. Jones & R. Wycherley. 5 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1918-35,10.17.9。
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[66] Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,123-124;Tronchetti,C. 1995 ‘Sardaigne’,in Krings(ed.)1995,728-729.
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[67] 同样有明显的证据表明,这一时期努拉吉人正在经历一场影响深远的社会及政治变革(Webster,G. 1996 A Prehistory of Sardinia 2300-500 BC. Sheffield,179-194)。
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[68] Bechtold,B. 2008 Observations on the Amphora Repertoire of Middle Punic Carthage. Ghent,75;Fentress,E.,& Docter,R. 2008 ‘North Africa:Rural Settlement and Agricultural Production’,in P. Van Dommelen & C. Gómez Bellard(eds.)2008 Rural Landscapes of the Punic World. London,104.
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[69] Van Dommelen,P. 2002 ‘Ambiguous Matters:Colonialism and Local Identities in Punic Sardinia’,in Lyons,C.,& Papadopoulos,J.(eds.)2002,The Archaeology of Colonialism. Los Angeles,130-137;Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,124-125.
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