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控制西部海港所带来的长期经济利益对迦太基人的重要性,迦太基军队的短期需求,以及西西里的希腊独裁者的占有欲和危机感——这为他们提供了维持自身统治所必需的动机和前提,上述所有因素使得西西里那持续不断、周而复始的动荡局面始终未有减弱的迹象。通过战争手段所获得的资金——将战败方的人卖为奴隶、占领城市、赢取战争赔款——令迦太基与叙拉古之间的血腥局势得以在西西里延续下去。真正的受害者是迦太基人、原住民与西西里希腊人的城市,它们的名字被永远地镌刻在了这个血淋淋的历史进程之中。这就是战争的野蛮经济学。
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[1] Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,125-129;Van Dommelen,P. 2002 ‘Ambiguous Matters:Colonialism and Local Identities in Punic Sardinia’,in Lyons & Papadopoulos(eds.)2002,130-133.
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[2] Mastino,A.,Zucca,R.,& Spanu,P. 2005 Mare sardum:merci,mercati e scambi marittimi della Sardegna antica. Rome,103-104;Bechtold,B. 2008 Observations on the Amphora Repertoire of Middle Punic Carthage. Ghent,51-56,76.
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[3] Pseudo-Aristotle,Mirabiles Auscultationes,in A. Westermann(ed.),Paradoxographoi. Scriptores rerum Mirabilium Graeci. Amsterdam,1963,100.同样值得注意的是,谷穗是萨丁尼亚铸造的钱币上常见的主题图案。
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[4] 对萨罗斯的陪葬品的研究见Barnett,R.,& Mendleson,C.(eds.)1987 Tharros:A Catalogue of Material in the British Museum from Phoenician and other Tombs at Tharros,Sardinia. London。
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[5] Barreca,F. 1987 ‘The City and the Site of Tharros’,in Barnett,R.,& Mendleson,C.(eds.)1987 Tharros:A Catalogue of Material in the British Museum from Phoenician and other Tombs at Tharros,Sardinia. London,24-26.
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[6] Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,127.
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[7] Bernardini,P. 1993 ‘La Sardegna e i fenici. Appunti sulla colonizzazione’,Rivista di studi fenici,173-177.
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[8] Garbini,G. 1983 ‘Iscrizioni funerarie puniche in Sardegna’,Annali dell’Instituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli,158-160.
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[9] Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,127-128,他质疑巴雷卡提出的迦太基的边防体系遍及全岛的观点的做法无疑是正确的,但反过来说,他并未将这些移民点所具备的要塞功能考虑进去。
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[10] Gharbi,M. 2004 ‘Frontières et échanges en Sardaigne à l’époque punique’,Africa Romana,15,1:791-804.
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[11] Bonzani,R. M. 1992 ‘Territorial Boundaries,Buffer Zones and Sociopolitical Complexity:A Case Study of the Nuraghi on Sardinia’,in Tykot & Andrews(eds.)1992,215-216.
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[12] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,7.165;Brizzi 1995,308.
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[13] Polyaenus,Stratagems of War,in E. Woelfflin(ed.),Polyaeni Strategematon Libri Octo. Leipzig,1887;tr. P. Krentz & E. Wheeler. Chicago,1994,1.27.2.
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[14] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,7.167.
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[15] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,11.24.4.
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[16] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,11.26.1-3。
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[17] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,11.25.1-5。
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[18] Asheri,D. 1988 ‘Carthaginians and Greeks’,in J. Boardman et al.(eds.)1988 The Cambridge Ancient History,vol. 4:Persia,Greece and the Western Mediterranean c.525 to 479 B.C. Cambridge,776-778.
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[19] Aristotle,Politics,ed. & tr. H. Rackham. Cambridge,Mass.,1932,2.8.1-2.尽管苏菲特制度设立的具体日期尚不清楚,但克兰马尔科夫(Krahmalkov)提出了一个重要的观点(Krahmalkov,C. 1976 ‘Notes on the Rule of the Softim in Carthage’,Rivista di studi fenici,153-157):在公元前5世纪之前,并无迦太基铭文提到过苏菲特制度(对这一观点的解释见该著作第130页)。尽管泰尔在公元前5世纪也有过关于苏菲特的记录,但并无证据表明这一职官制度起源于黎凡特地区。
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[20] Aristotle,Politics,ed. & tr. H. Rackham. Cambridge,Mass.,1932,2.8.5-6,2.8.8-9.
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[21] 在萨罗斯,一段日期可追溯到公元前3世纪的铭文提到了苏菲特。然而,铭文中记载了这一官职有着世袭的先例,这表明苏菲特作为一个政治职务在此之前就已经存在了(Barreca,F. 1987 ‘The City and the Site of Tharros’,in Barnett,R.,& Mendleson,C.(eds.)1987 Tharros:A Catalogue of Material in the British Museum from Phoenician and other Tombs at Tharros,Sardinia. London,26)。此外,在公元前1世纪时,苏菲特制度在一些旧迦太基/腓尼基殖民地——如厄律克斯、比西亚、苏尔其斯、马耳他、加迪斯,可能还有卡拉里斯——依然存在。大莱普提斯、马耳他、比西亚和奥尔比亚有举行公民大会的记录。在低级职位方面,很多这类殖民地也出现了拥有包括税收权在内的带有行政管理性质的岗位(在迦太基也发现了这类岗位存在的证据)。一段在萨罗斯发现的年代可追溯到公元前3世纪的铭文,最初被认为提到的是一名迦太基籍官员,但如今被认为其实写的是一名本地籍市场官员。
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[22] Aristotle,Politics,ed. & tr. H. Rackham. Cambridge,Mass.,1932,2.8.4,2.8.8.
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[23] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,7.167.
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[24] 据说位于希梅拉的耐克(Nike,希腊胜利女神)神庙是两座神庙中的一座。协议条款中的第三条——迦太基不得不同意停止人祭制度——被认为是伪造的。
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