打字猴:1.706551093e+09
1706551093
1706551094 [35] Harris,W. 1979 War and Imperialism in Republican Rome:327-70 B.C. Oxford,183-184.
1706551095
1706551096 [36] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,365.认为这可能是坎帕尼亚人的阴谋的评论文章见Hoyos,B. D. 1998 Unplanned Wars:The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars. Berlin,20-21。
1706551097
1706551098 [37] Bechtold,B. 2007 ‘Nuovi dati basati sulla distribuzione di ceramiche campane e nordafricane/cartaginesi’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,82,1:51-76.
1706551099
1706551100 [38] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,14;21.10.8,Dio Cassius,Roman History,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 9 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-27,Fr.43.1;Hoyos,B. D. 1998 Unplanned Wars:The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars. Berlin,15-16;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,38-39.
1706551101
1706551102 [39] Hellanicus of Lesbos Frs.31,83,FGH = F. Jacoby et al.(eds.),Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. Leiden/Berlin,1923-,I:115,129(Dionysius of Halicarnassus,The Roman Antiquities,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 7 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1948-50,1.72.13).对这些说法是否来源于赫拉尼库斯的质疑见Gruen,E. 1992 Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome. Ithaca,NY,17-18。然而,索姆森(Solmsen,F. 1986 ‘Aeneas Founded Rome with Odysseus’,Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,90:93-110)坚信这些说法再现了赫拉尼库斯的著述,他的观点得到了马尔金的支持(1998,199-202)。事实上,一些非希腊民族将他们能够存在于世归功于希腊英雄的观点并不新鲜。伊特鲁里亚和拉丁人一直为奥德修斯诸子所统治的主张,至少自公元前6世纪中期(可能更早一些)起就在希腊文学界流行了。伊特鲁里亚人极为乐意地接受了自己的血统与这位荷马笔下的传奇流浪者有关的说法(Malkin,I. 1998 The Returns of Odysseus:Colonization and Ethnicity. Berkeley & Malkin,I. 2002 ‘A Colonial Middle Ground:Greek,Etruscan,and Local Elites in the Bay of Naples’,in Lyons & Papadopoulos(eds.)2002,151-81)。这些出自希腊作家之手的民族学著作还被用作强大的排外手段,因为它们在强调“希腊人”在某些族群中的重要性的同时,也凸显了其他族群的相异性。这些著作很快在意大利产生了重要影响,在那里,它们被一些非希腊族群热烈地接受,并加以改写,以便明确这样一个事实:它们优于同为非希腊人的邻近族群(Dench,E. 2003 ‘Beyond Greeks and Barbarians:Italy and Sicily in the Hellenistic Age’,in A. Erskine(ed.)2003 A Companion to the Hellenistic World. Oxford,300)。
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1706551104 [40] Cornell,T. 1995 The Beginnings of Rome:Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars,c.1000-264 BC. London,63-68.尽管埃涅阿斯的传奇故事在日后被大肆加工润色,但它来源于希腊著作荷马史诗,而第一部记载了特洛伊亲王西行的著作同样出自一位希腊作家——公元前6世纪的希腊裔西西里人斯特西克鲁斯——之手(Gruen,E. 1992 Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome. Ithaca,NY,13-14)。公元前6世纪,埃阿涅斯在地中海西部的传奇故事由于出现在进口的希腊陶器和本地产陶器上的装饰图案之中,而在伊特鲁里亚亦变得家喻户晓(Galinsky,K. 1969 Aeneas,Sicily,and Rome. Princeton,105)。然而,格鲁恩(Gruen,E. 1992 Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome. Ithaca,NY,21-26)提出过一个令人信服的观点:拉丁姆地区依旧是埃涅阿斯热的中心。
1706551105
1706551106 [41] Gruen,E. 1990 Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy. Leiden,33;1992,31.
1706551107
1706551108 [42] Gruen,E. 1992 Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome. Ithaca,NY,15-16.希腊裔西西里作家卡里阿斯[Fr.5A(Dionysius of Halicarnassus,The Roman Antiquities,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 7 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1948-50,1.72.5)]认为,罗马是由双胞胎兄弟罗慕路斯、雷穆斯和他们不知名的三弟——此人是拉丁努斯(拉丁人的统治者)与罗玛(随埃涅阿斯一起来到意大利的一位特洛伊妇女,但她与前者并无关系)的后代——建立的。另一位叙拉古史学家阿尔希姆斯(Alcimus)记载的故事略有不同:一个名叫罗慕斯的人,他是罗慕路斯之子,埃涅阿斯之孙,是这座城市的缔造者(Vattoune 2002,220)。事实上,罗马的名气变得越来越大,以至于到了公元前4世纪,一批希腊作家(其中既有亚里士多德派也有柏拉图派)认为这座城市完全是希腊人的杰作(Dionysius of Halicarnassus,The Roman Antiquities,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 7 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1948-50,1.72.3-5;Plutarch Cam. 22.2)。公元前4世纪和前3世纪的很多叙拉古作家坚决主张罗马是由拉丁人和/或特洛伊人建立的,而不是希腊人的成果,瓦图万(Vattuone)认为这一现象表明由于罗马人与迦太基人结盟,它被东希腊人视为仇敌。然而,事实上希腊人所持的“特洛伊人建城说”与蒂迈欧(他显然以正面的角度来看待罗马)同样坚决主张的罗马人是由特洛伊人建立的说法相比,已有更为微妙的不同。
1706551109
1706551110 [43] 这些希腊式人种学说的真正威力不仅体现在学说本身上,还体现在它们所依托的科学研究所具有的不容置疑的感染力上。Bickerman,E. 1952a ‘Origines gentium’,Classical Philology《古典语言学》,47:65-81,375-97;Momigliano,A. 1975 Alien Wisdom:The Limits of Hellenization. Cambridge,14-15;Cornell,T. 1995 The Beginnings of Rome:Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars,c.1000-264 BC. London,60-63.
1706551111
1706551112 [44] Strabo,Geography,ed. & tr. H. Jones. 8 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-67,5.3.5.
1706551113
1706551114 [45] Ovid,Fasti [The Festivals],ed. & tr. J. Frazer. Cambridge,Mass.,1931,2.237.
1706551115
1706551116 [46] 毫无疑问,有人认为这个传奇故事的关键人物,阿卡狄亚裔希腊国王伊万德只是在这一时期才被罗马的历史神话吸收(Bayet,J. 1926 Les origines de l’Hercule romain. Paris;Cornell,T. 1995 The Beginnings of Rome:Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars,c.1000-264 BC. London,68-69)。
1706551117
1706551118 [47] Fabre,P. 1981 Les Grecs et la connaissance de l’Occident. Lille,287.
1706551119
1706551120 [48] Franke,P. 1989 ‘Pyrrhus’,in Walbank et al.(eds.)1989,463-466.
1706551121
1706551122 [49] Pausanias,Description of Greece,ed. & tr. W. Jones & R. Wycherley. 5 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1918-35,1.12.1;Gruen,E. 1990 Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy. Leiden,12.
1706551123
1706551124 [50] Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.9;Gruen,E. 1990 Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy. Leiden,12-13;Galinsky,K. 1969 Aeneas,Sicily,and Rome. Princeton,173.
1706551125
1706551126 [51] Momigliano,A. 1977 ‘Athens in the Third Century B.C. and the Discovery of Rome in the Histories of Timaeus of Tauromenium’,in A. Momigliano,Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography. Oxford,53-58;Walbank,F. W. 2002 Polybius,Rome,and the Hellenistic World:Essays and Reflections. Cambridge,172-177.蒂迈欧的观点对罗马人对迦太基的看法所起到的重要影响见Feeney,D. 2007 Caesar’s Calendar:Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History. Berkeley,52-57。
1706551127
1706551128 [52] Dionysius of Halicarnassus,The Roman Antiquities,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 7 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1948-50,1.74.1.关于蒂迈欧的说法与他所使用的,将罗马与迦太基的建城年代定于同一年的方法见Feeney,D. 2007 Caesar’s Calendar:Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History. Berkeley,43-52。
1706551129
1706551130 [53] 蒂迈欧解释道,罗马的10月马节——在节日期间,一匹马将被作为祭品——与希腊人攻占特洛伊的战役(指希腊人利用木马计攻陷特洛伊城)有关(Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,12.4b.1-12.4c.1)。他还说被埃涅阿斯从特洛伊取走的神物“帕纳忒斯”(Penates,罗马人的家庭守护神)一直被存放在拉丁城镇拉维尼姆城(Dionysius of Halicarnassus,The Roman Antiquities,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 7 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1948-50,1.67.3-4)。蒂迈欧调查手段的相关证据见Festus Rufus Avienus,Ora Maritima or Description of the Seacoast,ed. & tr. J. Murphy. Chicago,1999,190 L。然而,蒂迈欧宣称他的观点是真实可信的,并强调他走访了有关地区且会见了当地居民之类的说法遭到了波利比乌斯的强烈质疑与嘲笑(12.4d.1-2)。
1706551131
1706551132 [54] Vattuone,R. 2002 ‘Timeo di Tauromenio’,in Vattuone(ed.)2002,221-222.蒂迈欧记载中关于皮洛士的部分得以保存下来的少之又少,这方面的情况见Pearson,L. 1987 The Greek Historians of the West:Timaeus and his Predecessors. Atlanta,255-259。
1706551133
1706551134 [55] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,4.21.6-7,4.22.1-2;Pearson,L. 1975 ‘Myth and archaeologia in Italy and Sicily-Timaeus and his Predecessors’,Yale Classical Studies,188-192.
1706551135
1706551136 [56] Ritter,S. 1995 Hercules in der römischen Kunst von den Anfängen bis Augustus. Heidelberg,27-29.这一象征对于凯旋的罗马将军而言,还有着个人渊源,其中一位凯旋之将是费边家族的一位成员。盖乌斯·费边(Gaius Fabius)与另一位执政官昆图斯·奥古鲁尼乌斯(Quintus Ogulnius)都可以宣称他们的家族与钱币上的肖像人物罗慕路斯和雷穆斯有关系。费边家族据说是坚定支持雷穆斯的一群牧人的后代(Ovid,Fasti [The Festivals],ed. & tr. J. Frazer. Cambridge,Mass.,1931,2.361,2.375)。对于奥古鲁尼乌斯而言,狼与双胞胎的图案记录了他一生中最美好的时刻之一:在近三十年前,他成功地审判了几个令人憎恶的放高利贷者。一部分罚金被用于委托他人铸造一组雕像,用于展现婴儿时代的罗慕路斯与雷穆斯被母狼哺育的场景(Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,10.23)。
1706551137
1706551138 [57] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.10.1-2;Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.6,8.8;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,22.13.5-7;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,35-37.
1706551139
1706551140 [58] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.10.7-9.
1706551141
1706551142 [59] Eckstein,A. M. 1987 Senate and General:Individual Decision-Making and Roman Foreign Relations 264-194 B.C. Berkeley,76-77.
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