打字猴:1.706551368e+09
1706551368
1706551369 出于正义感,一些邻近城市以提供军事支援、谷物和避难所的方式向恩特拉施以援手,有时它们还会出钱给战俘赎身。其中包括某些个人,如一位叫马梅尔丁(Mamertine)的人,甚至有一位罗马官员[安提乌姆的提比留斯·克劳狄乌斯(Tiberius Claudius of Antium)]。值得注意的是,尽管罗马很快成为该岛的统治者,这些铭牌仍巧妙地勾勒出了这样一幅画面:这座西西里小城是一个独立的城邦,它拥有自主决策权,授予帮助过它的朋友们荣誉市民的身份(在荣誉市民的名单中,那位罗马官员的名字并没有被特别安排在前列)。可以肯定的是,这份铭文表明,我们其实只是在见证在先前的两个世纪里爆发于西西里岛的战争大戏那最后插曲中夹杂的一段悲伤余音而已,而恩特拉由于在两个大国的冲突之中不得不选择拥护其中一方,只能无奈地承受了这个历史上并不鲜见的悲惨结局。恩特拉人所不知道的是,这段插曲标志着将在西西里历史上持续数百年的罗马独占阶段的开始。
1706551370
1706551371 [1] Casson,L. 1971 Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton,100-122.
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1706551373 [2] Morrison,J.,& Coates,J. 1986 The Athenian Trireme:The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship. Cambridge,259-260.
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1706551375 [3] Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,101-102.
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1706551377 [4] Frost,H. 1989 ‘The Prefabricated Punic Warship’,in Devijver & Lipiński(eds.)1989,127-135;Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,131-133.
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1706551379 [5] Moscati,S. 1986 Italia Punica. Milan,95-96.
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1706551381 [6] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.20.6-14.
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1706551383 [7] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.17.4-1.19.15;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,23.7.1-23.9.1;Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.10。
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1706551385 [8] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,23.9.2.
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1706551387 [9] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.20.1-2.
1706551388
1706551389 [10] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.21.2。
1706551390
1706551391 [11] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.20.10-1.21.2;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,63-66。
1706551392
1706551393 [12] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.21.3-1.21.9.
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1706551395 [13] Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,8.169;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,66-67.
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1706551397 [14] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.21.8-11.
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1706551399 [15] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.23.3-10;Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.11;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,70-72;Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,106-109。
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1706551401 [16]Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin,1863-,12.2.25.
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1706551403 [17] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,23.10.1;Dio Cassius,Roman History,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 9 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-27,11.18;Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.11;Valerius Maximus(‘Valère Maxime’),Faits et dits mémorables [Memorable Deeds and Sayings],ed. & French tr. R. Combès. 2 vols. Paris,1995-7,7.3.
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1706551405 [18] Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.12.在另一个版本的故事中,他是被石头砸死的(Orosius(‘Paul Orose’),Histoires contre les païens [History against the Pagans],ed. & French tr. M.-P. Arnaud-Lindet. 3 vols. Paris,1990-91,4.4.4)。波利比乌斯(1.24.5-7)只提到汉尼拔因损失了许多战舰,并被封锁在一座海港内而遭到了惩罚。
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1706551407 [19] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.24.3-4;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,23.9.4;Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,82-84;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,74-76.
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1706551409 [20] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.25.4.一些文献资料宣称迦太基海军将领哈米尔卡上了罗马人的当,后者或将舰队分散(Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.12),或将一部分船只藏了起来(Polyaenus,Stratagems of War,in E. Woelfflin(ed.),Polyaeni Strategematon Libri Octo. Leipzig,1887;tr. P. Krentz & E. Wheeler. Chicago,1994,8.20)。Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,78-79。
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1706551411 [21] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.26.1-9.对参战人数的讨论见Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,110-111;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,81-84。
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1706551413 [22] Frontinus,Stratagems,Aqueducts,ed. & tr. C. Bennett. Cambridge,Mass.,1925,2.13.10,但拉曾比(Lazenby)对埃克诺穆斯是否真的爆发过这样一场战役表示怀疑(1996,96)。
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1706551415 [23] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.26.10-1.28.14;Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,109-115;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,81-96.
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1706551417 [24] Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.12;Valerius Maximus(‘Valère Maxime’),Faits et dits mémorables [Memorable Deeds and Sayings],ed. & French tr. R. Combès. 2 vols. Paris,1995-7,6.6.2.
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