打字猴:1.706551441e+09
1706551441 [36] Crawford,M. 1985 Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic:Italy and the Mediterranean Economy. London,106-107.
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1706551443 [37] Visona 1998,11-12.
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1706551445 [38] Jenkins,G.,& Lewis,R. 1963 Carthaginian Gold and Electrum Coins. London,Groups VIII & IX;Baldus,H. 1982 ‘Unerkannte Reflexe der römischen Nordafrika-Expedition von 256/5 v. Chr. in der karthagischen Münzprägung’,Chiron,12:163ff;Baldus,H. 1988 ‘Zwei Deutungsvorschläge zur punischen Goldprägung im mittleren 3. Jh. v. Chr’,Chiron,171-176.
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1706551447 [39] Baldus,H. 1988 ‘Zwei Deutungsvorschläge zur punischen Goldprägung im mittleren 3. Jh. v. Chr’,Chiron,178-82;Manfredi,L. 1999 ‘Carthaginian Policy through Coins’,in Pisano(ed.)1999,72.
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1706551449 [40] Jenkins,G.,& Lewis,R. 1963 Carthaginian Gold and Electrum Coins. London,Group X;Baldus,H. 1988 ‘Zwei Deutungsvorschläge zur punischen Goldprägung im mittleren 3. Jh. v. Chr’,Chiron,176-179;Crawford,M. 1985 Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic:Italy and the Mediterranean Economy. London,136;Visonà,P. 1998 ‘Carthaginian Coinage in Perspective’,American Journal of Numismatics,14.
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1706551451 [41] Appian,Roman History [inc. Civil Wars],ed. & tr. H. White. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1912-13,5.1.1.
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1706551453 [42] Hoyos,B. D. 2003 Hannibal’s Dynasty:Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean 247-183 BC. London,11.
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1706551455 [43] Seibert,J. 1993 Hannibal. Darmstadt,95-106.以过于严苛的标准来审视身为将军的哈米尔卡的才干见Seibert,J. 1993 Hannibal. Darmstadt,95-106。
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1706551457 [44] Hoyos,B. D. 2001b ‘Identifying Hamilcar Barca’s Heights of Heircte’,Historia:Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte,50:490-95.
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1706551459 [45] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.56.1-1.58.6;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,24.5.1-24.9.2;Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.16;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,143-150.
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1706551461 [46] Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,124.
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1706551463 [47] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.59-1.61;Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,24.11.1-2;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,150-156;Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,122-127.
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1706551465 [48] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.62.1-1.63.3;Lazenby,J. F. 1996 The First Punic War:A Military History. London,158.
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1706551467 [49] Diodorus Siculus,The Library of History,ed. & tr. C. Oldfather et al. 12 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1960-67,24.10.2;Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.73.1,1.74.7.
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1706551469 [50] Hoyos,B. D. 2007 Truceless War:Carthage’s Fight for Survival,241-237 BC. Leiden,16-19.
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1706551471 [51] Greene,J. 1986 ‘The Carthaginian Countryside:Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Hinterland of Ancient Carthage’. Unpublished PhD dissertation,University of Chicago;霍约斯(2007,23-24)对汉诺是否只关注在非洲的扩张行动表示怀疑。
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1706551473 [52] Bechtold,B. 2007 ‘Nuovi dati basati sulla distribuzione di ceramiche campane e nordafricane/cartaginesi’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,82,1:51-76.
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1706551475 [53] 他们非法发掘这些铭牌,并将它们卖作私人收藏品。至少有一块铭牌(Ⅶ)被揭露是伪造的。可以理解的是,近年来与恩特拉铭牌有关的文献资料的数量极为庞大,并且仍在不断增加。Loomis,W. 1994 ‘Entella Tablets VI(254-241 B.C.)and VII(20th cent. A.D.?)’,Harvard Studies in Classical Philology,96:127-60的研究是针对这些铭牌所做的条理最为分明的综合研究。霍约斯提出的这些铭牌的日期可能可以追溯到公元前4世纪初的论点(1998,28-32)似乎令人难以相信。
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1706551477 [54] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.62.3-6.
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1706551482 迦太基必须毁灭:古文明的兴衰 [:1706548021]
1706551483 迦太基必须毁灭:古文明的兴衰 第8章 向着迦太基进军:雇佣军之乱
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1706551485 迦太基必须毁灭:古文明的兴衰 [:1706548022]
1706551486 和平的沉重代价
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1706551488 尽管哈米尔卡·巴卡是在西西里的迦太基军队投降事宜的谈判人,但在这场给迦太基带来悲惨命运的战争的末尾阶段脱颖而出的他,名望不仅丝毫未损,反而有所提升。[1]早先发生的一件事已经体现了此人的政治精明:他派利利贝乌姆总督基斯戈(Gisco)前去与罗马执政官路达提乌斯(Lutatius)商讨相关协议,这样就大大淡化了他自己在迦太基军队投降的谈判中所扮演的角色。[2]据说哈米尔卡对迦太基元老院以如此驯服的姿态投降感到极为愤怒。[3]
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1706551490 实际上,元老院的决定可能挽救了哈米尔卡,使他免遭进一步的失败,而作为军事领袖的他那已过顶峰的声望,也得以免于不断下滑。哈米尔卡的表现无疑给公众留下了深刻印象,尽管对迦太基一方的战局于事无补。另外也没有迹象表明,如果给哈米尔卡更多的时间,他就能成为迦太基人的救星。然而,尽管他巧妙地摆脱了与对于很多迦太基人而言似乎是来得太早的投降谈判的干系,但在随之而来的一团乱局中,他就无法巧妙地独善其身了。
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