打字猴:1.706551661e+09
1706551661
1706551662 [15] Carradice,I. A.,& La Niece,S. 1988 ‘The Libyan War and Coinage:A New Hoard and the Evidence of Metal Analysis’,Numismatic Chronicle,148:33-52;Acquaro,E. 1989 ‘Les émissions du “soulèvement libyen”:types,ethnies et rôles politiques’,in Devijver & Lipiński(eds.)1989,137-44.对同样在钱币上发现的首字母M、A和 Z的各种解释见Hoyos,B. D. 2007 Truceless War:Carthage’s Fight for Survival,241-237 BC. Leiden,141-142。看似最为合理,但一点也不可信的说法是:它们代表着叛军领袖马霍斯、阿塔里图斯(Autaritus)和扎尔扎斯(Zarzas)名字的头一个字母。曼格纳诺(Manganaro,G. 1991 ‘Per la cronologia delle emissioni a leggenda Libuvwn’,in Hackens & Moucharte(eds.)1992,93-99)以可追溯到公元前214~前211年的西西里钱币为依据提出的,这批钱币是在很久之后铸造的观点显然是错误的。
1706551663
1706551664 [16] 并没有实实在在的证据来支持洛雷托(1995,112)提出的,马霍斯的野心是在利比亚建立一个帝国的观点。
1706551665
1706551666 [17] Carradice,I. A.,& La Niece,S. 1988 ‘The Libyan War and Coinage:A New Hoard and the Evidence of Metal Analysis’,Numismatic Chronicle,51.众神之王宙斯与(戴着一顶科林斯头盔的)雅典娜都是叙拉古钱币上的常见图案。有角的公牛是坎帕尼亚众城铸造的钱币上最为常见的图案。狮子是西西里迦太基城市铸造的钱币上的流行图案。曼弗雷迪(1999,74)将这些货币视为区分叛军内部不同民族的工具,这表明叛军们已经具有了自治意识。
1706551667
1706551668 [18] Carradice,I. A.,& La Niece,S. 1988 ‘The Libyan War and Coinage:A New Hoard and the Evidence of Metal Analysis’,Numismatic Chronicle,37.
1706551669
1706551670 [19] 并无证据支持洛雷托(1995,87-113)提出的,他们实质上是一支利比亚叛军,其他雇佣军均为利比亚人所雇的观点。
1706551671
1706551672 [20] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.65.6.
1706551673
1706551674 [21] Carradice,I. A.,& La Niece,S. 1988 ‘The Libyan War and Coinage:A New Hoard and the Evidence of Metal Analysis’,Numismatic Chronicle,49-50.
1706551675
1706551676 [22] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.71.6-8.
1706551677
1706551678 [23] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.74.6-7。
1706551679
1706551680 [24] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.73.1-1.75.2。
1706551681
1706551682 [25] 关于这场战役的详细记载见Hoyos,B. D. 2007 Truceless War:Carthage’s Fight for Survival,241-237 BC. Leiden,115-124。
1706551683
1706551684 [26] 有关纳瓦拉斯的更多信息见Hoyos,B. D. 2007 Truceless War:Carthage’s Fight for Survival,241-237 BC. Leiden,146-150。
1706551685
1706551686 [27] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.75.1-1.78.9.
1706551687
1706551688 [28] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.78.10-1.80.13。
1706551689
1706551690 [29] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.81.1-1.82.10。
1706551691
1706551692 [30] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.83.1-11。
1706551693
1706551694 [31] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.83.6-8,3.28.3-4;Appian,Roman History [inc. Civil Wars],ed. & tr. H. White. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1912-13,5.2.3,8.12.86;Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.18;Hoyos,B. D. 1998 Unplanned Wars:The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars. Berlin,123-126。阿庇安宣称的罗马人也派人前往北非调停的说法,很可能并不真实(Hoyos,B. D. 2007 Truceless War:Carthage’s Fight for Survival,241-237 BC. Leiden,129)。并没有证据支持霍约斯(1998,125)的罗马同意缩减迦太基应付赔款的数目或延长支付期限的观点。
1706551695
1706551696 [32] Crawford,M. 1985 Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic:Italy and the Mediterranean Economy. London,41-43,106-109;Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.58.7-1.59.1.
1706551697
1706551698 [33] Hoyos,B. D. 1998 Unplanned Wars:The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars. Berlin,126.
1706551699
1706551700 [34] 对这种含砷的铜合金质钱币的研究见Carradice,I. A.,& La Niece,S. 1998 ‘The Libyan War and Coinage:A New Hoard and the Evidence of Metal Analysis’,Numismatic Chronicle,41-45。
1706551701
1706551702 [35] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.84.1-1.85.7. Hoyos,B. D. 2007 Truceless War:Carthage’s Fight for Survival,241-237 BC. Leiden,197-218重现了在索尔发生的事件。
1706551703
1706551704 [36] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.86.1-6.
1706551705
1706551706 [37] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.87.1-1.88.7。
1706551707
1706551708 [38] 与前文提到的三人委员会成员之一不是同一人。
1706551709
1706551710 [39] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,1.79.1-7;Hoyos,B. D. 2007 Truceless War:Carthage’s Fight for Survival,241-237 BC. Leiden,154-159。
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