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[47] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,3.17.1-11;Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,21.6-9.波利比乌斯和李维分别在萨贡托围攻战爆发前和进行期间提到过罗马使团的到来,有观点认为这两位作家所提到的可能是同一件事,这一观点引发了某些争论(Lancel,S. 1999 Hannibal,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,50)。
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[48] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,21.9.4.
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[49] 关于巴卡家族在迦太基的对手的情况见Rich,J. 1996 ‘The Origins of the Second Punic War’,in Cornell,Rankov & Sabin(eds.)1996,13。
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[50] Visonà,P. 1998 ‘Carthaginian Coinage in Perspective’,American Journal of Numismatics,10:1-27.
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[51] Greene,J. 1986 ‘The Carthaginian Countryside:Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Hinterland of Ancient Carthage’. Unpublished PhD dissertation,University of Chicago,118-151;Bechtold,B. 2007 ‘Nuovi dati basati sulla distribuzione di ceramiche campane e nordafricane/cartaginesi’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,65.
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[52] Morel 1982;Chelbi,F. 1992. Céramique à vernis noir de Carthage. Tunis;Bechtold,B. 2007 ‘Nuovi dati basati sulla distribuzione di ceramiche campane e nordafricane/cartaginesi’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,53-54.这种黑釉陶器极受欢迎,以至于迦太基陶匠开始加以仿造。
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[53] 当时身为元老的首位罗马历史学家费边·皮克托无疑参与了这场持续进行的讨论与争吵(Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,3.8.1-3.9.5)。
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[54] Schwarte,K.-H. 1983 Der Ausbruch des Zweiten Punischen Krieges. Rechtsfrage und Überlieferung. Weisbaden,64-74.
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[55] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,21.10.2-13.
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[56] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,21.11.1。
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[57] 塞伯特(1993,58-60)推断,迦太基元老院在给予汉尼拔支持之前可能有过多次争吵。
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[58] Dio Cassius,Roman History,ed. & tr. E. Cary. 9 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-27,13.54.11.
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[59] Zonaras,Epitome of History,ed. L. Dindorf. Leipzig,1868-75;tr. T. Banchich & E. Lane. London,2009,8.22.2-3;Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,3.20.1-5.里奇(Rich,J. 1996 ‘The Origins of the Second Punic War’,in Cornell,Rankov & Sabin(eds.)1996,29-30)认为罗马人迟迟未能来援是他们思想僵化,再加上出于战略角度的考量所致,而不是罗马元老们意见高度不合的结果。霍约斯(1998,226-232)则认为首要的原因在于元老院内部意见不统一。
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[60] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,21.11.3-21.15.2.
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[61] 这位议员所说的或许是合理的,因为哈斯德鲁巴与罗马所达成只是一份单边协议,这份协议是该将军在战役期间签订的,但日后从未得到过批准(Bickerman,E. 1952b ‘Hannibal’s Covenant’,American Journal of Philology《美国语言学杂志》,73:1-23)。波利比乌斯在讨论迦太基人在萨贡托事件中应负的责任时颇为偏袒罗马人,相关的观点可见Serrati,J. 2006 ‘Neptune’s Altars:The Treaties between Rome and Carthage(509-226 B.C.)’,Classical Quarterly《古典学季刊》,130-134。
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[62] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,21.16.1-21.18.14;Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,3.20-21,3.33.1-4.
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[63] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,3.9.1-6,3.12.7.两种不同意见见Bagnall,N. 1999 The Punic Wars:Rome,Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. London,124和Dorey,T.,& Dudley,D. 1971 Rome against Carthage. London。
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[64] Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,148.
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[65] Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,288-293.
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[66] Harris,W. 1979 War and Imperialism in Republican Rome:327-70 B.C. Oxford,200-205;关于迦太基人攻占了萨贡托后,罗马人“预料一场战争将直接爆发,而这场战争对他们无疑是有利可图的”的观点见Hoyos,B. D. 1998 Unplanned Wars:The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars. Berlin,264。
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[67] Rich,J. 1996 ‘The Origins of the Second Punic War’,in Cornell,Rankov & Sabin(eds.)1996,31-32.
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[68] 关于这一论点,最为清晰易懂的解释见Rich,J. 1996 ‘The Origins of the Second Punic War’,in Cornell,Rankov & Sabin(eds.)1996,14-18。
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迦太基必须毁灭:古文明的兴衰 第10章 不要向后看
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