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[20] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,24.21.1-24.27.5.
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[21] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,24.29.1-24.32.9。
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[22] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,24.33.1-24.34.16。对攻城战爆发之前发生的一系列事件的精彩总结见Eckstein,A. M. 1987 Senate and General:Individual Decision-Making and Roman Foreign Relations 264-194 B.C. Berkeley,135-155。
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[23] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,24.35.3-24.39.13.
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[24] 萨丁尼亚起义的情况可见Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,23.32.7-12,23.34.10-17,23.40.1-23.41.7。
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[25] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,23.26.1-3。
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[26] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,23.27.9-23.29.17。
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[27] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,23.49.5-14,24.41.1-24.42.11。
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[28] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,25.32.1-5。公元前218至前211年,西庇阿在西班牙的作战情况见Eckstein,A. M. 1987 Senate and General:Individual Decision-Making and Roman Foreign Relations 264-194 B.C. Berkeley,188-207。
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[29] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,7.9;Bickerman,E. 1944 ‘An Oath of Hannibal’,Transactions of the American Philological Association,75:87-102(repr.1985,257-272).
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[30] Barré,M. 1983 The God List in the Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedonia:A Study in Light of the Ancient Near Eastern Treaty Tradition. Baltimore,38-64,赫斯的观点(1986,228-230)与之相反,他相信位处第一序列的宙斯对应的是巴尔·沙曼(Baal Shamen),而由于巴尔·哈蒙与塔尼特之间的关系,再加上童祭不为迦太基的“自由主义者”所接受,因而赫拉部分对应阿施塔特。在他的解读中,塔尼特对应的是阿尔忒弥斯,而巴尔·哈蒙则对应克罗诺斯。但我认为不将巴尔·哈蒙和塔尼特放在第一序列是没有道理的,因为他们在当时的迦太基神界中地位是最高贵的,也没有证据表明在迦太基存在着一个“自由主义者”团体。
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[31] Barré,M. 1983 The God List in the Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedonia:A Study in Light of the Ancient Near Eastern Treaty Tradition. Baltimore,64-86.然而,伊俄拉俄斯(Iolaos)在条约原文中的对应对象是否其实为迦太基天神锡德,而非艾斯蒙,这一问题存在着一些争议。
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[32] Barré,M. 1983 The God List in the Treaty between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedonia:A Study in Light of the Ancient Near Eastern Treaty Tradition. Baltimore,12-14,100-101;Huss,W. 1986,‘Hannibal und die Religion’ in Bonnet,Lipiński & Marchetti(eds.)1986,238.
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[33]Contra Bickerman,E. 1985 Religions and Politics in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Como,391-394.
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[34] Lancel,S. 1999 Hannibal,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,117.
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[35] Visonà,P. 1998 ‘Carthaginian Coinage in Perspective’,American Journal of Numismatics,16-19.
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[36] Crawford,M. 1985 Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic:Italy and the Mediterranean Economy. London,62.
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[37] Lancel,S. 1999 Hannibal,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,122-123.
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[38] 提比略·森普罗尼乌斯·格拉古于公元前215年、前213年担任执政官,马尔库斯·克劳狄乌斯·马塞勒斯于公元前214年、前210年、前208年担任执政官,而昆图斯·富尔维乌斯·弗拉库斯则于公元前212年、前209年被推选为执政官,此外,所有这些人在此期间都担任地方总督,这意味着他们得以保留自己军队指挥官的职位(Goldsworthy,A. 2000 The Punic Wars. London,226-228)。
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[39] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,22.57.5-6,23.11.1-6.
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[40] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,22.57.6。
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[41] Bellen,H. 1985 Metus Gallicus,metus Punicus. Zum Furchtmotiv in der römischen Republik. Mainz,13-23.
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[42] Polybius,The Histories,ed. & tr. W. Paton. 6 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1922-7,8.37;Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,25.23.8-25.24.7;Plutarch,Parallel Lives,ed. & tr. B. Perrin. 11 vols.(Marcellus,Pompey - vol. 5.)Cambridge,Mass.,1914-26,19.1.
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[43] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,25.26.1-15.
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[44] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,25.27.1-13。
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