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[1] 海因里希·谢里曼,一译海因里希·施里曼,德国传奇式的考古学家,其考古发现使《荷马史诗》中长期被认为是文艺虚构的国度——特洛伊、迈锡尼和梯林斯重现天日,震惊了考古学界。
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[2] 奥莱尔·斯坦因,文献中亦有“司代诺”“司坦囊”译名,原籍匈牙利,是著名的英国考古学家、艺术史家、语言学家、地理学家和探险家。他是现今多国所藏敦煌与中亚文物的主要搜集者,也是最早的研究者与公布者之一,是国际敦煌学开山鼻祖之一。他最为中国人熟悉的“丰功伟绩”就是以不光彩的手段骗取敦煌藏经洞古籍。
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[3] 马歇尔原文使用的是“deserts of Turkestan”。按照当时西方学术界的理解,斯坦因四次前往中亚地区探险,但其实他最主要的发现全部集中在中国境内,尤其是新疆。
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[4] John Marshall,‘First Light on a Long-forgotten Civilisation:New Discoveries of an Unknown Prehistoric Past in India’,Illustrated London News,20. September 1924.
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[5] 原文使用“in extent”,但并未说明是周长还是直径。
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[6] 科斯(“coss”或“kos”),是印度一个传统长度单位的音译,其具体长度因地区不同而有所变化。
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[7] Charles Masson,Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan,Afghanistan,and the Punjab,vol. i(London,1842),pp. 452-453.
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[8] 玄奘法师在《大唐西域记》中记载的是“钵伐多国”,“钵伐多罗”可能是传抄纂误或西方汉学家的误读。
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[9] 《大唐西域记》原文为“伽蓝十餘所,僧徒千餘人,大小二乘兼功習學。四窣堵波,無憂王之所建也”,见玄奘、辩机:《〈大唐西域记〉校注》,季羡林等校注,中华书局1985年版,第933页。“无忧王”即孔雀王朝阿育王,近代学者多将此地比定为哈拉帕。
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[10] 其实坎宁安认为的“钵伐多国”在今查谟地区,而不是哈拉帕。
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[11] 即铁轨下方铺设的那层碎石子,起减震、防止铁轨位移之用。
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[12] Alexander Cunningham,Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India,v(Calcutta,1875),p. 108.
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[13] Asko Parpola,‘New Light on “Major Clark”’,in Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions,vol. iii:New Material,Untraced Objects,and Collections Outside India and Pakistan,ed. Asko Parpola,B. M. Pande and Petteri Koskikallio(Helsinki,2010),p. lx.
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[14] Quoted in Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),p. 100. 转引自Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),第100页。
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[15] Quoted in Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),p. 172. 转引Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),第172页。
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[16] Quoted in Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),p. 172. 转引Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),第172页。
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[17] 约合15.2米。
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[18] Quoted in Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),p. 177. 转引Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),第177页。
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[19] 国内有时译为“死丘”“死亡之丘”。
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[20] Quoted in Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),p. 189. 转引Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),第189页。
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[21] 约合28厘米×14厘米×(6.4—7)厘米。
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[22] Quoted in Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),p. 248. 转引Nayanjot Lahiri,Finding Forgotten Cities:How the Indus Civilization was Discovered(Oxford,2006),第248页。
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[23] 约合644千米。
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[24] John Marshall,Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization(London,1931),p. 91.
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[25] Marshall,‘First Light on a Long-forgotten Civilisation’.
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