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[2] John Marshall,Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization(London,1931),p. 286.
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[3] John Marshall,Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization(London,1931),p. 25.
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[4] 原书作者在此处直接将英寸换算为了厘米。
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[5] Jonathan Mark Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization(Karachi,1998),p. 57.
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[6] Marshall,Mohenjo-daro,p. 15.
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[7] 昴星团是夜空中相对明亮的星团,无论是傍晚还是黎明,都很容易被观测到,因此肉眼观测昴星团(或其落入的金牛座)是可行的。根据推算,公元前2720—前1760年,春季第一个星座是金牛座,而不是现在的白羊座;春分日当天,金牛座的起落点就分别是正东方和正西方,可以用来校准方向。
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[8] Mortimer Wheeler,Still Digging:Interleaves from an Antiquary’s Notebook(London,1955),p. 192.
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[9] Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,p. 56.
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[10] Massimo Vidale,‘Crafts and Skills in Mohenjo-daro’,in Forgotten Cities on the Indus:Early Civilization in Pakistan from the 8th to the 2nd Millennium BC,ed. Michael Jansen,Máire Mulloy and Günter Urban(Mainz,1991),p. 214.
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[11] Gregory L. Possehl,The Indus Civilization:A Contemporary Perspective(New Delhi,2003),p. 212.
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[12] Wheeler,Still Digging,p. 225.
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[13] Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,p. 64.
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[14] 原文如此,但从上下文和实际操作情况看,似乎砖台做臼、木头当杵更合适一些。
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[15] Jane R. McIntosh,The Ancient Indus Valley:New Perspectives(Santa Barbara,CA,2008),pp. 276-277.
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[16] Rita P. Wright,The Ancient Indus:Urbanism,Economy,and Society(Cambridge,2010),p. 122.
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[17] Michael Jansen,‘Mohenjo-daro - a City on the Indus’,in Forgotten Cities on the Indus,ed. Jansen,Mulloy and Urban,p. 161.
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[18] Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,p. 61.
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[19] Marshall,Mohenjo-daro,p. 263.
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[20] Stuart Piggott,Prehistoric India to 1000. BC(London,1950),p. 168.
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[21] Marshall,Mohenjo-daro,p. 75.
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[22] Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,p. 120.
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众神降临之前:在沉默中重现的印度河文明 第4章 工艺美术
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与建筑相比,学者们对印度河文明的工艺美术品了解得相当多。印度河文明的工具、金属制品、有雕刻的石制砝码、珠宝、贝壳和硬陶手镯、陶器、雕塑和印章,考古学家不仅在考古发掘层面对它们很熟悉,还通过技术分析和实验仿制推断生产它们可能需要的步骤。这些物品或许比印度河文明的建筑与水利工程更能说明这个古老的文明有多么成熟复杂。
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