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[4] 卍字符,音“万字符”,中文语境中也多以“万字符”称呼这种符号,本书正文均写作“卍字符”。万字符有左旋(卍)和右旋(卐)两种,很早便出现在欧亚大陆各地,并有吉祥、光明、安康之意,有学者认为古代印度—雅利安人是最早使用这种符号的人群。英文中称其为“swastika”,来自梵语स्वस्तिक(svástika);印度教中将右旋万字(卐)称为“swastika”,而将左旋万字(卍)称为“saustika”。后来因希特勒认为德意志民族是雅利安人的后裔,便将旋转45°的右旋万字符作为纳粹的标志。本书第8章还会再讲到这个符号。
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[5] Jonathan Mark Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization(Karachi,1998),p. 99.
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[6] Jonathan Mark Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization(Karachi,1998),p. 89.
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[7] 长舵桨原文为“steering oar”,短桨原文为“paddle”。“oar”指的是杆长、仅一头扁平的桨,而“paddle”指的是杆短、一头或两头均可有扁平部分的桨。
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[8] Thor Heyerdahl,The Tigris Expedition:In Search of Our Beginnings(London,1980),p. 266.
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[9] Brian Fagan,Beyond the Blue Horizon:How the Earliest Mariners Unlocked the Secrets of the Oceans(London,2012),p. 122.
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[10] Jane R. McIntosh,The Ancient Indus Valley:New Perspectives(Santa Barbara,CA,2008),p. 86.
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[11] Shereen Ratnagar,Trading Encounters:From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age(New Delhi,2004),p. 250.
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[12] 阿拉伯语中,(tell)指山丘、小丘,所以“Tell Ahaimir”可意译为“阿海米尔丘”。本书译文中尽可能将地名中“tell”“tepe”“depe”一类词汇还原为其“丘”“土丘”的本意,再加翻译;有些学者会在中文中省略“丘”的翻译,而直接将地名中真正为“名”的部分音译,此时“Tell Ahaimir”便会被直接译为“阿海米尔”。
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[13] Tosi,‘The Indus Civilisation beyond the Indian Subcontinent’,p. 116.
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[14] Hans J. Nissen,‘Early Civilizations in the Near and Middle East’,in Forgotten Cities on the Indus,ed. Jansen,Mulloy and Urban,p. 30.
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[15] 即Shulgi。
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[16] 即Ningal,是苏美尔神话中月亮神辛(Sin)的妻子。
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[17] 即Susa。
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[18] Quoted in Tosi,‘The Indus Civilisation beyond the Indian Subcontinent’,p. 120. 转引自Tosi,‘The Indus Civilisation beyond the Indian Subcontinent’,第120页。
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[19] 恩基是苏美尔神话中的水神、智慧之神、造物神、工匠神、恶作剧之神;宁胡尔萨格(意为“圣山女士”)是古代苏美尔的山川母神,也是苏美尔七大神之一。这两位神灵的神职、别名、名称含义及相关故事暂且按下不表,在某一版讲述两人神话传说的文字中(他们的故事有多个版本)提到,恩基向迪尔蒙赐福:“愿美卢哈之地为你[带来]诱人的珍宝光玉髓……”可参见S. N. Kramer,The Sumerians:Their History,Culture,and Character,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2010,p. 279。
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[20] Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,p. 97.
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[21] Leonard Woolley,Ur ‘of the Chaldees’,ed. P.R.S. Moorey(London,1982),p. 132.
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[22] Rita P. Wright,The Ancient Indus:Urbanism,Economy,and Society(Cambridge,2010),p. 225.
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[23] Kenoyer,Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization,p. 98.
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[24] Asko Parpola,‘Indus Civilisation’,in Brill’s Encyclopaedia of Hinduism,ed. Knut A. Jacobsen,vol. iv(Leiden,2012),p. 6.
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[25] John Marshall,Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization(London,1931),pp. 463-464.
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[26] Jane McIntosh,A Peaceful Realm:The Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization(Boulder,Co.,2002),p. 175.
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