打字猴:1.70669893e+09
1706698930 [13] Mary Backus Rankin(芮玛丽), Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, p.7。
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1706698932 [14] 关于这一公众领域在晚清如何形成的研讨,见Philip C.C. Huang(黄宗智)编:“‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’ in China?”(讨论会论文集)Modern China 19, no.2 (April 1993), pp.107-240, 以及下书的概要部分:Peter Zarrow(沙培德),“The Origins of Modern Chinese Concepts of Privacy: Notes on Social Structure and Moral Discourse”,收入Bonnie S.McDougall(杜博妮) 与Anders Hansson(韩安德)编: Chinese Concepts of Privacy (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp.122-129。
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1706698934 [15] Michael Tsin(钱曾瑗),“Imagining‘Society’in Early Twentieth-Century China”,收入Joshua A.Fogel(傅佛果)与Peter Zarrow(沙培德)编:Imagining the People:Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920 (Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1997), pp.212-231。
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1706698936 [16] 张朋园:“Political Participation and Political Elites in Early Republican China: The Parliament of 1913-1914,”英文译者:Andrew J.Nathan(黎安友),Journal of Asian Studies vol.37,no.2(February 1978), pp.293-313。
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1706698938 [17] Joseph W. Esherick(周锡瑞), Reform and Revolution in China, pp.256-257。
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1706698940 [18] 引自Jerome Grieder(贾祖麟),Intellectuals and the State in Modern China(New York: The Free Press,1981),p.137。
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1706698942 [19] 有一部长篇著作研究“政府—社会”关系这一主题,我们这里的讨论经常会回到这一话题上来。一篇简洁而尖锐的评论可见Frederic Wakeman,Jr.(魏斐德),“Moderls of Historical Change:The Chinese State and Society, 1839-1898”,收入Kenneth Lieberthal(李侃如)等编:Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1991), pp.68-77;也见于他的“The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate: Western Reflections on Chinese Political Culture,” Modern China vol.19,no.2(April 1993),pp.108-183。
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1706698944 [20] 参见Edward A. McCord(麦致远),“Local Military Power and Elite Formation: The Liu Family of Xingyi Country, Guizhou”,收入Joseph W. Esherick(周锡瑞)与Mary Backus Rankin(芮玛丽)编: Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp.162-190。
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1706698946 [21] Kathryn Bernhardt(白凯): Rent, Taxes, and Peasant Resistance: The Lower Yangzi Region, 1840-1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992)。
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1706698948 [22] 大致可参见下书所收论文,Joseph W.Esherick(周锡瑞)与Mary Backus Rankin(芮玛丽)编:Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance ;也可参见Mary Backus Rankin(芮玛丽),Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China: Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911 。
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1706698950 [23] Michael Gasster(高慕轲), “The Republican Revolutionary Movement”,收入The Cambridge History of China, vol.11,Late Ch’ing, part 2, p.516。
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1706698952 [24] Mary Backus Rankin(芮玛丽),“State and Society in Early Republican Politics,1912-1918,”China Quarterly 150 (June 1997),p.273。
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1706698954 [25] 关于中国的无政府主义,参见Peter Zarrow(沙培德),Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990);以及Arif Dirlik(德里克),Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991)。
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1706698956 [26] Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism(London: Verso, New Left Books, 1993), p.26.
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1706698958 [27] David Der-wei Wang(王德威),Fin-de-Siècle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997);Theodore Huters(胡志德),“A New Way of Writing:The Possibilities for Literature in Late Qing China, 1895-1908,”Modern China,vol.14,no.3(July 1988)。
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1706698960 [28] 林纾:《〈贼史〉序》。引自Theodore Huters(胡志德),“A New Way of Writing,”p.253。
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1706698962 [29] 刘铁云:《老残游记》。英文译者: Harold Shadick(谢迪克), The Travels of Lao Ts’an, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,1952,pp.7,9,11。
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1706698964 [30] 同上书,pp.125,132。
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1706698966 [31] 吴趼人:《恨海》。英文译者:Patrick Hanan(韩南), The Sea of Regret: Two Turn-of-the-Century Chinese Romantic Novels,Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995, p.163。
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1706698968 [32] 秋瑾:《精卫石》。“精卫”是一只传说中的鸟儿,它试图用小石子填平大海;秋瑾改造了这一寓言,将主题从徒劳无功变为了希望。参见Amy D.Dooling(杜爱梅)以及Kristina M. Torgeson(杜生), Writing Women in Modern China: An Anthology of Women’s Literature From the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998),pp.43-81。
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1706698970 [33] Quotations from ibid.,pp.55,72.
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1706698975 战争与革命交织的近代中国(1895-1949) [:1706698334]
1706698976 战争与革命交织的近代中国(1895-1949) 第三章 清朝覆灭过程中的观念与理想
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1706698978 辛亥革命前夕,倾向于君主立宪制的改良主义者与倾向于共和制的革命者论战频频,经常互相谩骂。这一论战既是学理性的,也是情绪性的;既是抽象的,也是个人化的。主导者则是那些面对着危险而不确定的形势的流亡者团体。两方都可以被贴上“民族主义者”的标签——这虽不会增进我们的理解,但却是重要的。两方都想要一个强有力的现代化国家(尽管不是当下这个政府),都设想了某种形式的议会民主制,他们的分歧在于政体问题,但可能更重要的是在于如何界定“国家”。“中国人”是指汉人这一族群,还是一种公民参与资格?革命者强调他们的革命(在其他含义以外)是一场“种族革命”,他们要求向满人对汉人犯下的持续罪行进行“种族复仇”。对革命者来说,国家建设有赖于民族建设。他们也开始考虑社会正义问题,这标志着对农民与工人的关注的萌芽。改良主义者倾向于弱化种族差异,强调满人对汉人生活方式的归化。他们因此以国家为标准界定民族性,强调真正的公民权以教育为基础。最后,两方在手段上互相歧异——渐进主义的改良对绝然断裂的革命。
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