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(1) 相关的探讨请参考：S. A. Arutiunov & Yu. V. Bromley, “Problems of Ethnicity in Soviet Ethnographic Studies,” in Perspectives on Ethnicity, ed. by Regina E. Holloman and Serghei A. Artutiunov （The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1978）; Yu. Bromley, “The Term Ethnos and its Definition,” in Soviet Ethnology and Anthropology Today, ed. by Yu. Bromley （The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1974）; Nathan Glazer & Daniel P. Moynihan,“Introduction,” in Ethnicity: Theory and Experience, ed. by Nathan Glazer & Daniel Moynihan （Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975）, pp. 4–5。
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(2) Edmund Leach, Political Systems of Highland Burma （Norwich: Fletcher and Son LTD,1964）, pp. 285–286.
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(3) R. Cohen & J. Middleton, “Introduction,” in From Tribe to Nation in Africa, ed. by Ronald Cohen and John Middleton （San Francisco: Chandler, 1970）; G. Carter Bentley,“Ethnicity and Practice,” in Comparative Study of Society and History 1 （1987）: 25–26.
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(4) Raoul Naroll, “On Ethnic Unit Classification,” Current Anthropology 5: 4 （1964）: 283–291; Comments, pp. 291–312.
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(5) 主要的批评见于：Michael Moerman, “Ethnic Identification in a Complex Civilization: Who are the Lue?” American Anthropologist 67 （1965）: 1215–1230; Fredrik Barth,“Introduction,” Ethnic Groups and Boundaries （London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969）, pp. 10–15; Judith Nagata, “In Defense of Ethnic Boundaries: the Changing Myths and Charters of Malay Identity,” in Ethnic Change, ed. by Charles Keyes （Seattle: University of Washington, 1981）, pp.89–90。
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(6) Michael Moerman, “Ethnic Identification in a Complex Civilization: Who are the Lue?” American Anthropologist 67 （1965）: 1215–1218.
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(7) 孙宏开：《川西民族走廊地区的语言》，载《西南民族研究》，四川民族出版社，1983，第429—454页；孙宏开：《试论“邛笼”文化与羌语支语言》，《民族研究》1986年第2期，第53—61页。
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(8) 林向荣：《阿坝藏族自治州双语使用情况调查》，《民族语文》1985年第4期，第42页；冉光荣、李绍明、周锡银：《羌族史》，四川人民出版社，1984，第390页。
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(9) 孙宏开：《论羌族双语制——兼谈汉语对羌语的影响》，《民族语文》1988年第4期，第57页；林向荣：《阿坝藏族自治州双语使用情况调查》，《民族语文》1985年第4期，第42—46页。
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(10) 孙宏开：《论羌族双语制——兼谈汉语对羌语的影响》，《民族语文》1985年第4期，第58页。
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(11) Pierre L. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon （New York: Elsevier, 1981）, p.34; V. Kozlov, “On the Concept of Ethnic Community,” Soviet Ethnology and Anthropology Today, ed. by Yu. Bromley （Mouton: The Hague, 1974）, p.79.
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(12) 孙宏开：《试论“邛笼”文化与羌语支语言》，《民族研究》1986年第2期，第53—61页。
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(13) 关于羌语支语言的分类，学者们有不同的意见，譬如，孙宏开归之为羌语支语言的嘉绒语，被有些学者归为藏语东部方言之一。参见四川省编辑组：《四川省阿坝州藏族社会历史调查》，四川省社会科学院出版社，1985，第223页。
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(14) Michael Moerman, “Ethnic Identification in a Complex Civilization: Who are the Lue?”American Anthropologist 67（1965）: 1215–1230.
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(15) 孙宏开：《试论“邛笼”文化与羌语支语言》，《民族研究》1986年第2期，第53—61页。
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(16) 冉光荣、李绍明、周锡银：《羌族史》，四川人民出版社，1984，第331—332页。
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(17) 冉光荣、李绍明、周锡银：《羌族史》，四川人民出版社，1984，第345页；四川省编辑组：《四川省阿坝州藏族社会历史调查》，第235页。关于道教对羌族宗教生活的影响，亦见于David C. Graham, The Customs and Religion of the Ch’iang （Washington: The Smithsonian Institution, 1958）, pp.46–52；以及，我在1994—1996年间所作的羌族地区田野考查。
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(18) 胡鉴民：《羌族之信仰与习为》，载徐益棠编《边疆研究论丛》，私立金陵大学中国文化研究所，1941，第10—16页。
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(19) 四川省编辑组：《四川省阿坝州藏族社会历史调查》，第235—239页。
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(20) Clifford Geertz, “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States,” in Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, ed. by Clifford Geertz （New York: Free Press, 1963）, pp.105–157; Edward Shils,“Primordial, Personal, Sacred and Civil Ties,” British Journal of Sociology 8 （1957）: 130–145; Charles Keyes, “The Dialectics of Ethnic Change,” in Ethnic Change, ed. by Charles F. Keyes （Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981）, pp.4–30.
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(21) Clifford Geertz, “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States,” in Old Societies and New States, pp.105–157; Charles Keyes, “The Dialectics of Ethnic Change,” in Ethnic Change, p.5.
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(22) Abner Cohen, Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: Hausa Migrants in Yoruba Towns（Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969）; Leo A. Despres, “Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Guyanese Society,” in Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies, ed. by Leo A. Despres, pp.87–117.
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(23) Gunnar Haaland, “Economic Determinants in Ethnic Prpcesses,” in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, pp.58–73.
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(24) Pierre L. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, p. 18; Gunnar Haaland, “Economic Determinants in Ethnic Prpcesses,” in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, pp.68–69.
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(25) Pierre L. ven den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon; G. Carter Bentley, “Ethnicity and Practice,” pp.24–55; Eugeen E. Roosens, Creating Ethnicity: The Process of Ethnogenesis（London: Sage Publications, 1989）; Tonkin et al., eds., History and Ethnicity （London: Routledge, 1989）.
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