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124 Carr, pp. 110—111.
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125 Iriye,Across the Pacific,第 201 页,与 Spotswood,第 13—18 页,强调,对东南亚的控制是至关重要的问题,日本领导人决心向这个地区扩张并控制这个地区,而美国的当权者则越来越坚定了阻止日本扩张的决心。
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126 Morley, The Fateful Choice, p. 274; also quoted by Bergamini, vol. 2, p. 952;and see Weston, p. 193. 山本五十六在 1940 年 8 月告诉近卫,他认为如果战争超过 12 个月,日本必败无疑(Bergamini,vol. 2,第 958 页)。
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127 Carr, pp. 107—108.
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128 Iriye, Origins, p. 116.
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129 以国民生产总值衡量,1940 年各大国中只有意大利的经济比日本还弱。日本军队的规模仅大于美国(美军刚刚开始扩充军备),但是军费开支在国民经济当中所占比例几乎和德国一样高,见 Mark Harrison (ed.),The Economics of World War II:Six Great Powers in International Comparison(Cambridge,1998),第 10 页,第 14 页,第 21 页。Akira Hara,“Japan: Guns before Rice”(上书第 224—267 页)同样认为(第 225 页),日本的经济自 1937 年就开始处于战时状态。
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130 Carr, p. 111.
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命运攸关的抉择:1940-1941年间改变世界的十个决策 第四章 罗马,1940 年夏秋
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1 Quoted in R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini, London, 2002, p. 369.
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2 MacGregor Knox, Common Destiny. Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 61, 67—69.
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3 Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914—45, London, 1995, p. 383; I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot (eds.), The Oxford Companion to the Second World War, Oxford/New York, 1995, p. 583.
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4 1928 年希特勒写过一本很厚的小册子,后来没有发表。他论述了放弃争夺南蒂罗尔地区以寻求同意大利建立联盟的外交政策。他在两年以前和民族主义右翼就利用南蒂罗尔问题向意大利挑衅的主张发生过争执。See Hitler’s Second Book. The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf, ed. Gerhard L. Weinberg, New York, 2003,pp. xvi—xxi, and Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889—1936: Hubris, London, 1998, pp. 291—292.
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5 Knox, Common Destiny, p. 96.
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6 Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini, paperback edn., London, 1983, p. 235.
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7 Alberto Aquarone,“Public Opinion in Italy before the Outbreak of World War II”,in Roland Sarti(ed.),The Ax Within:Italian Fascism in Action(New York,1974),第 212 页;Paul Corner,“Everyday Fascism in the 1930s:Centre and Periphery in the Decline of Mussolini’s Dictatorship”,Contemporary European History,15(2006),第 215—218 页,指出了与纳粹德国结盟和发生战争的可能性对领袖个人崇拜的负面影响。
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8 Quoted from MacGregor Knox, Mussolini Unleashed 1939—1941. Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy’s Last War, paperback edn., Cambridge, 1986, pp. 39—40.
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9 Ciano’s Diary 1939—1943, ed. Malcolm Muggeridge, London, 1947, pp. 45—46.
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10 Ray Moseley, Mussolini’s Shadow. The Double Life of Count Galeazzo Ciano, New Haven/London, 1999, p. 55.
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11 Quoted in Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 41.
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12 Ciano’s Diary, p. 90.
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13 See Mario Toscano, The Origins of the Pact of Steel, Baltimore, 1967, chs. 4—5.
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14 H. James Burgwyn, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period 1918—1940, Westport, Conn., 1997, p. 194.
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15 Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 42; Burgwyn, p. 194.
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16 DGFP,6,第 574—580 页;参见 Gerhard L. Weinberg,The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany:Starting World War II,1937—1939(Chicago/London,1980),第 79—81 页(第 579 页,讨论了这份文件的真实性,纽伦堡审判开始就有人对其提出质疑)。
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