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22 DGFP, 7, doc. 271, p. 286 (25.8.39); Burgwyn, pp. 203—204.
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23 DGFP, 7, doc. 317, p. 323; Burgwyn, pp. 204—205.
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24 Ciano’s Diary, pp. 134—136; Enno von Rintelen, Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom 1936—1943, Tübingen/Stuttgart, 1951, p. 71; Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 43. 关于“非交战国”的概念,参见 Neville Wylie(ed.),European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War(Cambridge,2002),第 4 页。
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25 What follows relies on Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, pp. 16—19; and MacGregor Knox, Hitler’s Italian Allies. Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940—1943, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 29—32.
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26 Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 10.
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27 Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini as a Military Leader, Reading 1974, pp. 17, 28—29. 不利于对情报做出准确评估的另一个因素是,意大利没有一个综合性的情报机构(因为墨索里尼将情报机构看作对他权力的威胁),见 MacGregor Knox,“Fascist Italy Assesses its Enemies,1935—1940”,in Ernest R. May(ed.),Knowing One’s Enemies:Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars(Princeton, 1983),第 347—372 页。
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28 For the following, see Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, pp. 18—30; and Knox, Common Destiny, pp. 152—157.
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29 Quoted in Knox, Common Destiny, p. 155; and Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 10. 以国民生产总值来衡量,意大利在经济上是 1940 年各强国中最弱的一个,它的军费支出只有德国的三分之一,见 Mark Harrison(ed.),The Economics of World War II:Six Great Powers in International Comparison(Cambridge,1998),第 10 页,第 21 页。Vera Zamagni,“Italy:How to Lose the War and Win the Peace”,in Mark Harrison(ed.),The Economics of World War II:Six Great Powers in International Comparison(Cambridge,1998),第 177—223 页,认为意大利的经济水平不足以让它有力地参与这场战争,更不要说赢得战争了。
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30 关于“权力联合体”一词在纳粹政权中的应用,见 Peter Hüttenberger,“Nationalsozialistische Polykratie”,Geschichte und Gesellschaft,2(1976),第 417—442 页;Ian Kershaw,The Nazi Dictatorship:Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation,4th edn.(London,2000),第 58—59 页。
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31 Payne, pp. 119, 122.
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32 Payne, p. 117.
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33 Adrian Lyttleton, The Seizure of Power, London, 1973, pp. 72—75, 175; Bosworth, Mussolini, pp. 154—155, 160—165.
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34 Payne, pp. 116, 118—119.
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35 Martin Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, Munich, 1969, p. 262; Dieter Rebentisch, Führerstaat und Verwaltung im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Stuttgart, 1989, p. 422.
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36 Maurizio Bach, Die charismatischen Führerdiktaturen. Drittes Reich und italienischer Faschismus im Vergleich ihrer Herrschaftsstrukturen, Baden-Baden, 1990, p. 111.
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37 Payne, p. 221.
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38 See Corner, esp. pp. 199, 206—217.
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39 See Piero Melograni, ‘The Cult of the Duce in Mussolini’s Italy’, Journal of Contemporary History, 11 (1976), pp. 221—237.
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40 S. J. Woolf (ed.), Fascism in Europe, 2nd edn., London, 1981, p. 62.
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41 Payne, pp. 219—220.
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42 Knox, Common Destiny, p. 96; Burgwyn, p. 120; John Whittam, Fascist Italy, Manchester, 1995, p. 113.
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43 Knox, Common Destiny, p. 96.
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44 R. J. B. Bosworth,Italy,the Least of the Great Powers:Italian Foreign Policy before the First World War(Cambridge,1979),第 1 章,第 2 章,第 4 章,强调了战前意大利的社会和政治精英阶层对大国梦的共同期盼。
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45 Bosworth, Mussolini, p. 255; Mack Smith, Mussolini as a Military Leader, p. 7.
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46 Mack Smith, Mussolini as a Military Leader, pp. 5, 31.
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