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141 Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 329.
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142 Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 338.
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143 Robert E. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, London, 1948, vol. 1, p. 430; also quoted in Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 344; Toland, The Rising Sun, p. 194.
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144 Toland, The Rising Sun, pp. 193—194, 198—199; Bix, p. 436.
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145 Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 344; Iriye, Origins, p. 183.
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146 前一年 7 月进行的一项有先见之明的调查,其实已经提出了日本利用航空母舰发动空中打击的可能性,指出需要加强珍珠港的防御(Prange,第 185—188 页)。此后,陆海军联合设计了保卫珍珠港的夏威夷防务计划,以预防来自空中的突然袭击;这是个非常好的计划(Toland,The Rising Sun,第 195 页)。似乎没有人想起格鲁大使去年 1 月份的警告 (Grew,第 368 页)。
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147 Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, pp. 926—927 (and p. 911); Iriye, Origins, p. 183; Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 345; Heinrichs, Threshold of War,p. 216.
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148 Toland, The Rising Sun, pp. 201—202; Morley, The Final Confrontation, pp. 334—335, 344—345.
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149 Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 338.
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150 I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot (eds.), The Oxford Companion to the Second World War, Oxford/New York, 1995, p. 872; Toland, The Rising Sun, pp. 221, 235; Dallek, p. 311; Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms. A Global History of World War II, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 260—261.
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151 Letter to Sasakawa Ryochi, 24 January [1941], appended as a last folio to the Konoe Memoirs.
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152 总有阴谋论说美国政府事先知道进攻来临,故意不采取防范措施,让灾难性的进攻降临,这样就可以找到合适的宣战理由。这种阴谋论在珍珠港事件后不久开始出现,从来也没有彻底平息过。普兰格仔细分析了美日双方关于珍珠港事件前加强防备的材料(参见 Prange,第 725—738 页,这个总结性章节中的评论);Roberta Wohlstetter,Pearl Harbor:Warning and Decision(Stanford, Calif.,1962),第 382—396 页,分析了美国情报。这些研究毫不含糊地指出,判断错误,而不是阴谋诡计,才是事件背后的原因。最近的研究更证实了这个结论,见 Richard J. Aldrich,Intelligence and the War against Japan:Britain,America and the Politics of Secret Service(Cambridge, 2000)。同时这本书(第 68—84 页)还驳斥了另一个版本的阴谋论,即丘吉尔事先知道袭击珍珠港,但是欺瞒了美国人。
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153 Toland, The Rising Sun, p. 227. 当木户在皇宫中听到这个“伟大的消息”时,他“觉得简直是天助我也”,见 Kido Diary,doc. no. 1632W(90),8.12.41。
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154 Bix, pp. 436—437; text of the Imperial Rescript on the Declaration of War, in Political Strategy Prior to the Outbreak of War (Part IV), Japanese Monographs, 150, appendix 7 (http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/monos/150/150app07.html).
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155 Hull, vol. 2, pp. 1095—1097 (quotation p. 1096); Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 338; The ‘MAGIC’ Background of Pearl Harbor, vol. 4, p. 101; Toland, The Rising Sun, pp. 224—225. Nomura’s description is in Political Strategy Prior to the Outbreak of War (Part IV), Japanese Monographs, 150, appendix 6 (http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/monos/150/150app06.html).
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156 Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt. A Rendezvous with Destiny, Boston, 1990,p. 407; Bergamini, vol. 2, p. 1096; Carr, p. 166.
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157 Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, pp. 938—939.
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158 Nazli Choucri, Robert C. North and Susumu Yamakage, The Challenge of Japan before World War II and After, London/New York, 1992, pp. 37—38, 40—43, 118—120, 132—137.
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159 See Paul W. Schroeder, The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations 1941, Ithaca, NY, 1958, pp. 203—208. Carr,第 157 页,提出了相似的问题,然后给出了令人信服的答案:“没有一个美国总统——尤其是像罗斯福这样对民意非常敏感的总统——可以在沸腾的民意面前向后转……任何向日本屈膝投降的一点点暗示都会对反法西斯同盟的士气产生重大打击。”
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160 关于这个问题,见 Feis,第 274—275 页,作者中肯地评论道,近卫“无论情愿或者不情愿,都是他自己主持的会议上制定的政策的囚徒”。“他不可能绕过这些政策,也不可能在绝望中抛弃这些政策。他整个的政治生涯证明了这一点。”
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161 See, for instance, Toland, The Rising Sun, notes to pp. 141 and 145; and Morley, The Final Confrontation, p. 319.
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162 See Langer and Gleason, The Undeclared War, p. 721.
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163 See Iriye, Origins, pp. 178—179.
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第九章 柏林,1941 年秋季
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1 Sebastian Haffner, Von Bismarck zu Hitler. Ein Rückblick, paperback edn., Munich, 1989, p. 293. See also Enrico Syring, ‘Hitlers Kriegserklärung an Amerika vom 11. Dezember 1941’, in Wolfgang Michalka (ed.), Der Zweite Weltkrieg. Analysen, Grundzüge, Forschungsbilanz, Munich/Zurich, 1989, p. 683.
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