1707381139
1707381140
5 Charles Melville，‘The Keshig in Iran：The Survival of the Royal Mongol Household’，in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan，ed. Linda Komaroff（Leiden，2004），p. 60.
1707381141
1707381142
1707381143
1707381144
6 Rudi Paul Lindner，Explorations in Pre-Ottoman History（Ann Arbor，MI，2007），pp. 21-34.
1707381145
1707381146
1707381147
1707381148
7 Cemal Kafadar，Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State（Los Angeles，1995），pp. 44-45；Colin Heywood，‘Filling the Black Hole：The Emergence of the Bithynian Atamanates’，The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilization，ed. K. Cicek et al.（Ankara，2000），vol. l，pp. 109-110.
1707381149
1707381150
1707381151
1707381152
8 Rudi Paul Lindner，‘How Mongol were the Early Ottomans?’，in The Mongol Empire and its Legacy，ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan（Leiden，2001），pp. 287-289.
1707381153
1707381154
1707381155
1707381156
9 Melville，‘The Keshig in Iran’，p. 58.
1707381157
1707381158
1707381159
1707381160
10 J. Pelenski，‘The Contest between Lithuania-Rus’and the Golden Horde in the Fourteenth Century for Supremacy over Eastern Europe’，Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi，II（1982），pp. 303-320.
1707381161
1707381162
1707381163
1707381164
11 关于现代早期西部草原上的战争与外交的更完整讨论，参看 Brian L. Davies，Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700（London，2007）。
1707381165
1707381166
1707381167
1707381168
12 Martha Brill Olcott，The Kazakhs，2nd edn（Stanford，CA，1995），p. 8.
1707381169
1707381170
1707381171
1707381172
13 同上，p. 9。
1707381173
1707381174
1707381175
1707381176
14 Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay，‘The Kazakhs and the Kirghiz’，in Central Asia，ed. Gavin Hambly（New York，1969），p. 146.
1707381177
1707381178
1707381179
1707381180
15 David M. Robinson，Empire’s Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols（Cambridge，MA，2009），p. 64.
1707381181
1707381182
1707381183
1707381184
16 Michael J. Seth，A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century（Lanham，MD，2006），pp. 109-110.
1707381185
1707381186
1707381187
1707381188
17 Peter C. Perdue，China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia（Cambridge，MA，2005），pp. 549-565.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.707381139e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]