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5 Charles Melville,‘The Keshig in Iran:The Survival of the Royal Mongol Household’,in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan,ed. Linda Komaroff(Leiden,2004),p. 60.
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6 Rudi Paul Lindner,Explorations in Pre-Ottoman History(Ann Arbor,MI,2007),pp. 21-34.
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7 Cemal Kafadar,Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State(Los Angeles,1995),pp. 44-45;Colin Heywood,‘Filling the Black Hole:The Emergence of the Bithynian Atamanates’,The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilization,ed. K. Cicek et al.(Ankara,2000),vol. l,pp. 109-110.
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8 Rudi Paul Lindner,‘How Mongol were the Early Ottomans?’,in The Mongol Empire and its Legacy,ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan(Leiden,2001),pp. 287-289.
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9 Melville,‘The Keshig in Iran’,p. 58.
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10 J. Pelenski,‘The Contest between Lithuania-Rus’and the Golden Horde in the Fourteenth Century for Supremacy over Eastern Europe’,Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi,II(1982),pp. 303-320.
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11 关于现代早期西部草原上的战争与外交的更完整讨论,参看 Brian L. Davies,Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700(London,2007)。
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12 Martha Brill Olcott,The Kazakhs,2nd edn(Stanford,CA,1995),p. 8.
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13 同上,p. 9。
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14 Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay,‘The Kazakhs and the Kirghiz’,in Central Asia,ed. Gavin Hambly(New York,1969),p. 146.
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15 David M. Robinson,Empire’s Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols(Cambridge,MA,2009),p. 64.
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16 Michael J. Seth,A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century(Lanham,MD,2006),pp. 109-110.
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17 Peter C. Perdue,China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia(Cambridge,MA,2005),pp. 549-565.
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