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2 Hilda Ecsedy，‘Trade-and-War Relations between the Turks and China’，Acta Orientalia Hungaricae，XXI（1968），p. 141.
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3 Sechin Jagchid and Van Jay Symons，Peace, War, and Trade Along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese Interaction Through Two Millennia（Bloomington，IN，1989），pp. 13-14.
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4 Janet Abu-Lughod，Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250-1350（New York，1989），p. 182.
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5 Igor de Rachewiltz，trans. and ed.，The Secret History of the Mongols（Leiden，2004），p. 104.
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6 Igor de Rachewiltz，trans. and ed.，The Secret History of the Mongols（Leiden，2004），p. 658.
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7 ‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini，The History of the World-Conqueror，trans. J. A. Boyle（Seattle，WA，1997），p. 78；‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，ed. Mirza Muhammad Qazvini（Leiden，1912，1916，1937），3 vols，p. 5.
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8 Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，pp. 59-60；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，p. 78.
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9 Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，p. 60；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，p. 79.
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10 Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，p. 60；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，p. 79. 多数记载显示，讹答剌城长官伊纳勒朮拥有“Ghayir Khan”的封号，他之所以屠杀商队是因为他认为他们是间谍。但志费尼认为，他可能是为了捍卫荣誉，因为其中一名印度商人对这位长官直呼其名，而没有使用其封号。
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11 Allsen，‘Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners’，p. 92.
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12 Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，p. 60；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，p. 79；Leslie Whitaker，The Beardstown Ladies’Common-Sense Investment Guide: How We Beat the Stock Market – And How You Can, Too（New York，1996）.
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13 Allsen，‘Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners’，p. 93.
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14 Larry W. Moses，‘A Theoretical Approach to the Process of Inner Asian Confederation’，Etudes Mongoles，V（1974），pp. 115-116. 一个环境方面的原因是，鄂尔浑河、土拉河和色楞格河提供了丰美的水草，对任何游牧统治者而言都十分理想。其他原因则是精神和传统方面的。
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