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45 Daniel Waugh,‘The Golden Horde and Russia’,in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire,ed. William Fitzhugh,Morris Rossabi and William Honeychurch(Seattle,WA,2009),pp. 178-179;Thomas S. Noonan,‘Medieval Russia,the Mongols,and the West:Novgorod’s Relations with the Baltic,1100-1350’,Medieval Studies,XXXVII(1975),pp. 316-339;Mark G. Kramarovsky,‘Jochid Luxury Metalwork:Issues of Genesis and Development’,in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan,ed. Linda Komaroff(Leiden,2006),pp. 43-50.
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46 Matthew Paris,English History,trans. and ed. J. A. Giles(New York,1968),3 vols,vol. I,p.131.
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47 元代称桃里寺。——译者
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48 Ibn Battuta,Rihala Ibn Battuta,pp. 177-178;Dunn,Adventures of Ibn Battuta,p. 101.
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49 Dunn,Adventures of Ibn Battuta,p. 49.
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50 Bert G. Fragner,‘Ilkhanid Rule and Its Contributions to Iranian Political Culture’,in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan,ed. Linda Komaroff(Leiden,2006),p. 76.
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51 同上,pp. 76-77。
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52 参看 Judith Kolbas,The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309(London,2009)。
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53 Fragner,‘Ilkhanid Rule and Its Contributions’,p. 76.
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54 同上,p. 77。
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世界历史上的蒙古征服 第 5 章 新式战争
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成吉思汗的崛起为草原军事带来了一场革命,他引入了严格的训练和新式的战术,创建了怯薛军校制度,并采用十进制的组织形式。1他改善了几个世纪以来传统的草原战略,使蒙古人在范围极广的战线上都能在战术、战略及行动等各个层面上保持常胜不败。出人意料的是,他的军事革命影响了其后几个世纪的军事发展。
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