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32 蒙古诸王捏古来是旭烈兀和忽推之子,后者也是聂思脱里派基督徒。不过,史料记载不清的是,捏古来在 1282 年即位之前何时改宗了伊斯兰教。他的穆斯林名字是阿合马(Ahmad),1282 年至 1284 年在位。他是伊利汗国的第一位穆斯林统治者,也是第一位被废黜的统治者,可能是因为他寻求与马穆鲁克苏丹国的同教中人和平共处。关于他的皈依及其作用,参看 Reuven Amitai,‘The Conversion of Tegüder Ilkhan to Islam’,Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam,XXV(2001),pp. 15-43。
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33 Muldoon,Popes, Lawyers, and Infidels,p. 67.
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34 Leonard Lewisohn,‘Overview:Iranian Islam and Persianate Sufism’,in The Legacy of Mediaeval Persian Sufism,ed. Leonard Lewisohn(London,1992),p. 30;Leonard Lewisohn,Beyond Faith and Infidelity: The Sufi Poetry and Teachings of Mahmûd Shabistarî(Aldershot,Surrey,1995),pp. 57-58.
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35 Istvan Vasary,‘History and Legend in Berke Khan’s Conversion to Islam’,in Aspects of Altai Civilization III(Bloomington,IN,1990),pp. 235-237. 亦可参看 Minaj Siraj Juzjani,Tabaqat-i Nasiri,ed. ‘Abd al-Hayy Habibi(Kabul,1964-1965),pp. 284-288 及 Juzjani,trans. Raverty,p. 1283。
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36 Istvan Vasary,‘History and Legend in Berke Khan’s Conversion to Islam’,p. 238.
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37 同上,p. 256。
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38 Devin DeWeese,Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde (University Park,PA,1994),p. 89.
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39 David Bundy,‘The Syriac and Armenian Christian Responses to the Islamification of the Mongols’,in Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam,ed. John Victor Tolan(New York,1996),p. 35.
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40 Devin DeWeese,‘Yasavina Legends on the Islamization of Turkistan’,Aspects of Altaic Civilization III(Bloomington,IN,1990),pp. 108-109.
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41 Johan Elverskog,Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road,pp. 228-338;F. W. Cleaves,‘The Rescript of Qubilai Prohibiting the Slaughtering of Animals by Slitting the Throat’,Journal of Turkish Studies,XVI(1992),p. 69. 史料中有大量此类的例子,艾鸿章对各种史料的归纳是典范式的。
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42 Teresa Fitzherbert,‘Religious Diversity under Ilkhanid Rule c. 1300 as Reflected in the Freer Bal’ami’,in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan,ed. Linda Komaroff (Leiden,2006),p. 397;亦可参看 Denise Aigle,‘The Mongol Invasions of Bilâd al-Shâm by Ghâzân Khân and Ibn Taymîyah’s Three “Anti-Mongol”Fatwas’,Mamluk Studies Review,XI/2(2007),pp. 89-119。
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43 Aigle,‘The Mongol Invasions of Bilâd al-Shâm’;Michal Scott Doran,‘Somebody Else’s Civil War’,Foreign Affairs,LXXXI/l(2002),pp. 30-31.
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44 Michal Biran,‘The Chaghataids and Islam:The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan(1331-1334)’,Journal of the American Oriental Society,CXXII/4(2002),pp. 742-752. 文中详细探讨了答儿麻失里的皈依。亦可参看 Elverskog,Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road,p. 189;Gyorgy Kara,‘Medieval Mongol Documents from Khara Khoto and East Turkestan in the St Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies’,Manuscripta Orientalia,IX/2(2003),pp. 28-30。
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