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8 H. D. Martin，The Rise of Chinggis Khan and his Conquest of North China（Baltimore，MD，1950），p. 15.
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9 Timothy May，The Mongol Art of War（Barnsley，2007），pp. 30-31.
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10 Udo B. Barkmann，‘Some Comments on the Consequences of the Decline of the Mongol Empire on Social Development of the Mongols’，in The Mongol Empire and its Legacy，ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan（Leiden，2001），p. 277.
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11 William of Rubruck，The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke，1253-1255，trans. Peter Jackson（London，1990），pp. 183-186；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’in The Mission to Asia，trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey，ed. Christopher Dawson（Toronto，1980），pp. 157，177-178.
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12 Thomas T. Allsen，Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles（Cambridge，2002），p. 35.
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13 Li Chih-Chang，The Travels of an Alchemist（London，2005），pp. 85-87.
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14 Allsen，Commodity and Exchange，p. 38.
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15 William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，pp. 144-145；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 135.
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16 Rashid al-Din，Jami’al-Tawarikh，ed. B. Karimi（Tehran，1983），vol. I，p. 216；Juzjani，Tabaqat-i Nasiri，trans. Raverty，p. 1158.
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17 原文误作“Hangzhou”。——译者
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18 关于蒙古帝国技术人员迁移的最佳详细考察，参看 Thomas T. Allsen，‘Technician Transfers in the Mongolian Empire’，Central Eurasian Lectures，II（Bloomington，IN，2002）。亦可参看 James C. Y. Watt，‘A Note on Artistic Exchanges in the Mongol Empire’，in The Legacy of Genghis Khan，ed. Linda Komaroff and Stefano Carboni（New Haven，CT，2002）。
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19 William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，p. 162；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 144；Timothy Brook，The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties（Cambridge，MA，2010），pp. 146-147.
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