打字猴:1.707387717e+09
1707387717
1707387718
1707387719 外科手术
1707387720
1707387721 1219年,成吉思汗统率蒙古大军一路高歌猛进,攻入中亚,阿拉乌丁兵败身亡,撒马尔罕和布哈拉尽遭蹂躏,哈拉特顿时成为废墟。1253年,成吉思汗的孙子旭烈兀再度西征,蒙古铁骑如潮水一般涌向西方。一时间伊斯兰世界哀鸿遍野,一片凄凉。1258年,旭烈兀攻陷巴格达,哈里发穆斯台尔绥木(1242—1258在位)被装入袋中,马踏而死。至此,阿拔斯王朝终于油尽灯枯,犹如长河中的一缕烟尘,永远消失在历史的暗角。
1707387722
1707387723 1258年,蒙古人终结了哈里发国家的历史。然而,昌隆的文化将一个时代和那个时代的真义薪火相传,有如荒原上的一抹新绿,又恰似黑暗中的一丝微光,给人类带来希望。多少风云,多少豪情,都在漫漫历史长河中湮没;岁月无情,却带不走历史上那一串串熟悉的名字。在伊斯兰世界,那些信奉伊斯兰教的阿拉伯人、波斯人和突厥人等在生活的磨砺中共同创造了一种光彩夺目的文化,这就是兼容并蓄的伊斯兰文化。伊斯兰文化融会希腊文化与罗马文化、波斯文化与印度文化,仿若涓涓细流汇聚成滔滔江河,绵延数百年,一直到今天。
1707387724
1707387725
1707387726
1707387727
1707387728 哈里发国家的浮沉 [:1707386285]
1707387729 哈里发国家的浮沉 参考书目
1707387730
1707387731 1.Ahsan,M.Social Life under the Abbasids 786—902,London,1979.
1707387732
1707387733 2.Ashtor,E.A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages,Berkeley,1976.
1707387734
1707387735 3.Boswonh,C.E.The Islamic Dynasties,Edinburgh,1967.
1707387736
1707387737 4.Crone,P.Mecca Trade and the Rise of Islam,Oxford,1987.
1707387738
1707387739 5.Donner,M.The Early Islamic Conquests,Princeton,1981.
1707387740
1707387741 6.Grunebaum,G.E.Classical Islam 600—1258,Chicago,1970.
1707387742
1707387743 7.Grunebaum,G.E. Medieval Islam,Chicago,1961.
1707387744
1707387745 8.Hodgson,G.S.The Venture of Islam,Chicago,1974.
1707387746
1707387747 9.Holt,P.M.,Lambton,A.K.S.,Lewis,B.The Cambridge History of Islam,Cambridge,1970.
1707387748
1707387749 10.Jaydan,J.History of Islamic Civilization,New Delhi,1978.
1707387750
1707387751 11.Khaldun,Ibn,The Muqaddimah,Princeton,1980.
1707387752
1707387753 12.Kremer,A.F.The Orient under the Caliphs,London,1923.
1707387754
1707387755 13.Lambton,A.K.S.State and Government in the Medieval Islam,Ox-ford,1985.
1707387756
1707387757 14.Lapidus,M.A History of Islamic Societies,Cambridge,1988.
1707387758
1707387759 15.Lewis,B.Islam,from the Prophet Muhammed to the Capture of Constantinpole,I:Politics and War,II:Religion and Society,London,1976.
1707387760
1707387761 16.Lokkegaard,F.Islamic Taxation in the Classic Period,Copenhagen,1950.
1707387762
1707387763 17.Lombard,M.The Golden Age of Islam,Amsterdan,1975.
1707387764
1707387765 18.Mez,A.The Renaissance of Islam,Patna,1937.
1707387766
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.707387717e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]