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最近出版的同时考察希腊和罗马历史的著作有由J. Boardman、J. Griffin和O. Murray共同主编的The Oxford History of the Classical World(Oxford University出版社,1987)。单独研究希腊历史的著作有:M. Grant所著的The Rise of the Greeks(Scribner’s出版社,1988)、R. Sealey所著的A History of the Greek City-States(University of California出版社,1977)以及R. Meiggs所著的The Athenian Empire(Oxford University出版社,1972)。关于希腊历史和文明的某些特定方面的著述有:A. R. Burn所著的Persia and the Greeks: The Defense of the West(Edward Arnold出版社,1963)、J. Boardman所著的The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade(Thames & Hudson出版社,1982)、C. Kerenyi所著的The Gods of the Greeks(Thames & Hudson出版社,1979)以及R. Flaceliére所著的Daily Life in Greece at the Time of Pericles(Macmillan出版社,1965)。
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关于希腊化世界,标准的史学著作有W. W. Tarn和G. T. Griffith合著的Hellenistic Civilization(Edward Arnold出版社,1952);简短的概览性著作有M. Grant所著的From Alexander to Cleopatra(Scribner’s出版社,1982);学术性的人物传记有N. G. L. Hammond所著的Alexander the Great: King, Commander and Statesman(Chatto & Windus出版社,1980);相关的详细分析可参见M. Rostovzeff所著的三卷本的Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World(Clarendon出版社,1941)。
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还有几本很好的单卷本的研究罗马的著作,包括:A. E. R. Boak和W. G. Sinnigen合著的A History of Rome to 565 A. D., 第五版(Macmillan出版社,1965),以及M. Grant所著的History of Rome(Scribner’s出版社,1978)。有关罗马前3个世纪的历史,可参见M. P. Charlesworth所著的The Roman Empire(Oxford University出版社,1951);此后的历史则可参阅A. H. M. Jones所著的The Decline of the Ancient World(Longmans出版社,1966)。特殊的专题在下列著述中涉及:J. Carcopino所著的Daily Life in Ancient Rome(Yale University出版社,1940)、R. MacMullen所著的Christianizing the Roman Empire, A. D. 100—400(Yale University出版社,1984),以及M. I. Finley主编的Slavery in Classical Antiquity(Heffer出版社,1960)。
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希腊——罗马时代妇女的地位在下列著作中论述得最好:S. B. Pomeroy所著的Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves(Schocken出版社,1975)、V. Zinserling所著的Women in Greece and Rome(Schram出版社,1973)。M. R. Lefkowitz和M. B. Fant共同主编的Women’s Life in Greece and Rome(Johns Hopkins University出版社,1982)是一本有用的相关原始材料的汇编。另外,M. W. Bingham和S. H. Gross合著的Women in European History and Culture丛书的第一卷Ancient Greece and Rome(Glenhurst出版社,1983)中,也有相关精彩论述。
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最后,关于为什么罗马会“陷落”的问题在以下两本论文集中得到了详尽的分析:S. N. Eisenstadt主编的The Decline of Empires(Prentice Hall出版社,1967)以及D. Kagan主编的Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(D. C. Heath出版社,1962)。这两本书既方便了我们阅读相关论文,也提供了有关这一问题的详尽书目。
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[1]Plato, Apology, trans. B. Jowatt in Dialogues of Plato.
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[2]Cited by F. M. Cornford, Greek Religious Thought …(Dent, 1923), p. 85.
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[3]Cited by C. J. Singer, A History of Biology(Schuman, 1950), p. 4.
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[4]From The Greek Mind by W. R. Agard. © 1957 by Litton Educational Publishing Inc. Reprinted by permission of D. Van Nostrand Company.
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[5]Aristotle, Politics, I, 5, 2.
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[6]Herodotus, The Persian Wars, trans. G. Rawlinson, Book VII, Chap. 104.
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[7]Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, trans. B. Jowatt, Book I, Chap. 22.
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[8]Cited by S. Pomeroy, Women in Classical Antiquity(Schocken, 1976), p. 8.
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[9]Cicero, First Part of the Speech Against Gaius Verres at the First Hearing(New York, 1928), Chap. 5.
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[10]A.Piganiol, L’Empire Chrétien(Presses Universitaires de France, 1947), p. 422.
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[11]R. S. Lopez, The Birth of Europe(M.Evans, 1967), p. 23.
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[12]Life of Marcellus, from Plutarch’s Lives, Vol. 3, trans. J. and W. Langhorne(London, 1821), pp. 119ff.
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[13]J. Lévy, The Economic Life of the Ancient World, ed. J. G. Birain(University of Chicago, 1967), p. 99.
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全球通史:从史前到21世纪(第7版新校本) 第六章 印度文明
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政治学是一门关于惩罚的科学。
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——考底利耶
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我认为,我的职责是为全世界牟利。
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