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18.Louis Kutcher,“The American Sports Event as Carnival：An Emergent Norm Approach to Crowd Behavior,“Journal of Popular Culture16,no.4(Spring1983)：34-41.
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1707497902
19.Morris,p.248.
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1707497904
20.See http：//www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_186.html.
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1707497906
21.Bob Harvilla,“Thumping for Tejada,“East Bay Express,May2,2003,p.58.
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1707497908
22.Mark Simon,“A Little Bit of Brazil in Palo Alto,“San Francisco Chronicle,June21,1993.
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1707497910
23.May Colleen,the Airbrush Shoppe,phone interview with the author.
1707497911
1707497912
24.Bobbi Weiner,phone interview with the author.
1707497913
1707497914
25.http：//www.koreainfogate.com/2002worldcup/news.asp?column=97.
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1707497916
26.“Soccer Crowds Sing,Sing,Sing for the Homeland Team,“Washington Post,July16,1994.
1707497917
1707497918
27.Klaus Hansen,review of Soccer Fan Singing：A FANomenology,by Reinhard Kopiez and Guido Brink,RPM,no.26,Summer1998.
1707497919
1707497920
28.Bellos,p.140.
1707497921
1707497922
29.Morris,p.258.
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1707497924
30.Quoted in ibid.,p.258.
1707497925
1707497926
31.Mark Trumbull,“How’the Wave’Swept the Nation,“Christian Science Monitor,January29,1993.
1707497927
1707497928
32.George Vecsey,“Help Stop the Wave,“New York Times,June25,1984.
1707497929
1707497930
33.“Sports of the Times：Permanent Wave in Motown,“New York Times,October6,1984.
1707497931
1707497932
34.Cashmore,p.182.
1707497933
1707497934
35.Wann et al.,p.128.
1707497935
1707497936
36.Kutcher,p.39.
1707497937
1707497938
37.Sheila Moss,http：//www.humorcolumnist.com/football.htm.
1707497939
1707497940
38.Morris,p.252.
1707497941
1707497942
39.Bellos,p.128.
1707497943
1707497944
40.“It Isn’t Just a Game：Clues to Avid Rooting,“New York Times,August11,2000.
1707497945
1707497946
41.Harvilla,“Thumping for Tejada.”
1707497947
1707497948
42.Franz Lidz,“Out of Bounds,“Sports Illustrated,November30,1992.
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