1707502041
1707502042
[104]D.O.Flynn,‘Comparing the Tokugawa Shogunate and Hapsburg Spain’,in J.D.Tracy (ed.),The Rise of Merchant Empire (Cambridge,1990).
1707502043
1707502044
[105]J.E.Wills,‘Maritime China from Wang Chih to Shih Lang’,in J.Spence and J.E.Wills (eds.),From Ming to Ch’ing (New Haven,1979),p.211.
1707502045
1707502046
[106]参见A.Reid,‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’,Modern Asian Studies,24,1 (1990),pp.9–10。
1707502047
1707502048
[107]参见R.von Glahn,Fountain of Fortune:Money and Monetary Policy in China 1000–1700 (Berkeley,1997);F.W.Mote and D.Twitxhett (eds.),The Cambridge History of China,vol.7:Ming Dynasty 1368–1644,pt 1 (Cambridge,1988),pp.587–588;Reid,‘Age of Commence’,pp.10,21–23。
1707502049
1707502050
[108]J.W.Hall (ed.),The Cambridge History of Japan,vol.4:Early Modern Japan (Cambridge,1991),p.321.
1707502051
1707502052
[109]参见M.Jansen,China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge,Mass.,1992)。
1707502053
1707502054
[110]参见Wills,‘Maritime China’。
1707502055
1707502056
[111]Ibid.,p.244.
1707502057
1707502058
[112]P.Burke,Tradition and Innovation in Resaissance Italy (pbk edn,London,1974),p.306.
1707502059
1707502060
[113]见他的出版于1860年Basle的有着巨大影响的The Civilization of the Renaissance on Italy。然而,该书直到19世纪80年代才广为人知。
1707502061
1707502062
[114]Jacob Burckhard,The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy (Eng.trans.London,1944),pt 1.
1707502063
1707502064
[115]F.Braudel,The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World on the Age of Philip II (1966;英译本,2 vols.,London,1972–1973),vol.2,p.913.
1707502065
1707502066
[116]参见G.Parker,The Grand Strategy of Philip II (London,1998)。
1707502067
1707502068
[117]参见G.Muto,‘The Spanish System’,in R.J.Bonney (ed.),Economic Systems and Sate Finance (Oxford,1995),pp.246,248。
1707502069
1707502070
[118]参见A.Peroton-Dumon,‘The Pirate and the Emperor’,in Tracy (ed.),Political Economy of Merchant Empires,pp.196–227。
1707502071
1707502072
[119]D.F.Lach,Asia in the Making of Europe,vol.1:The Century of Discovery (Chicago,1964),第4章。
1707502073
1707502074
[120]A.R.Mitchell,‘The European Fisheries in Early Modern History’,in E.E.Rich and C.H.Wilson (eds.),The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,vol.5:The Economic Organisation of Early Modern Europe (Cambridge,1977),pp.157–158.
1707502075
1707502076
[121]W.L.Schurz,The Manila Galleon (New York,1939);H.Kamen,Spain’s Road to Empire:The Making of a World Power (London,2002).
1707502077
1707502078
[122]关于菲立普的“救世主帝国主义”,参见G.Parker,Grand Strategy,第3章。
1707502079
1707502080
[123]关于美洲的影响,参见J.H.Elliott,‘Final Reflection’,in K.O.Kupperman (ed.),America in European Consciousness 1493–1750 (Chapel Hill.NC,and London,1995),p.406。
1707502081
1707502082
[124]参见J.de Veries,The European Economy in the Age of Crisis 1600–1750 (pbk edn,Cambridge,1976),p.130。
1707502083
1707502084
[125]参见A.W.Crosby,The Columbian Exchange (Westport,Conn.,1972);A.J.R.Russell-Wood,A World on the Move (New York,1992)。
1707502085
1707502086
[126]关于奥斯曼帝国对美洲的无动于衷,参见B.Lewis,Cultures in Conflict (Oxford,1995)。
1707502087
1707502088
1707502089
1707502090
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.707502041e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]