打字猴:1.707502256e+09
1707502256 我们仍然可能会被这样的说法左右,说到1740年,在经济和社会机构的“现代性”方面,与欧亚大陆其他地区相比,欧洲最繁荣的地区已经建立起了一种不可战胜的先导地位——一种迟早会转变成全球霸权形式的先导。毕竟,荷兰人开辟了“现代经济”,英国和法国跟随着它的足迹。这里应该可以看到经济现代性的一般特征:对商品和生产要素(包括土地与劳动力)“理性的自由和普遍的”市场;一种能够支持复杂的劳动分工的农业生产规模;一个促进财产权和流动与契约自由的状态;技术水平和能支撑可持续发展的商业组织,丰富的物质文化和市场导向的消费行为的扩散。[168]不过,这些中没有任何一项能够把荷兰从18世纪的经济衰退中挽救出来。迅速发展没能预见到影响水质和农业的环境后果。城市化和人口流动打乱了婚姻模式,抑制了人口增长。随着贸易对手提高关税,高昂的生产成本和出口市场的丧失摧毁了制造业,驱使资本转向海内外的公共借贷——一种在世纪末被政治和外交危机毁灭的策略。总之,前工业现代性的荷兰试验夭折了,被现代早期欧洲的三个地方性因素摧折:趋向封闭市场和商业闭关自守的“重商主义”趋势——被亚当·斯密在《国富论》中批驳的贸易抑制政策;前工业制造业的高昂成本,并与对农业增长的环境限制相结合;欧洲国家间财政体系冲突的严重后果。荷兰的经验显示,前工业现代性的局限不久也会被英国和法国感受到,在欧洲的经济类型能成功地开辟欧亚大陆其他地方及世界前,它需要一场技术的、政治的和地缘政治学的革命。
1707502257
1707502258 [1]J.B.Brebner,The Explorers of North America (pbk edn,New York,1955),p.255.
1707502259
1707502260 [2]Ibid.,p.255.
1707502261
1707502262 [3]Ibid.,p.299.
1707502263
1707502264 [4]经典的研究,参见J.Baker,History of Geographical Exploration (London,1931)。
1707502265
1707502266 [5]参见J.C.Beaglehole,The Life of Captain James Cook (London,1974)。
1707502267
1707502268 [6]参见R.Law,“‘Here is no resisting the country”:The Realities of Power in Afro-European Relations on the West African Slave Coast’,Itinerario.17,2 (1994),pp.56–64。
1707502269
1707502270 [7]关于bandeirantes,参见C.R.Boxer,The Golden Age of Brazil 1695–1750 (London,1962),pp.31–32。
1707502271
1707502272 [8]N.Canny,Europeans on the Move (Oxford,1994),p.265.
1707502273
1707502274 [9]F.Jennings,The Invasion of America (pbk edn,London,1976),pp.30,178–179,300.
1707502275
1707502276 [10]T.Burnard,‘European Migration to Jamaica,1655–1780’,William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Series.52,4 (1996),pp.769–796.
1707502277
1707502278 [11]B.Bailyn,Voyagers to the West (London,1986),p.24.
1707502279
1707502280 [12]D.Eltis,‘Free and Coerced Transatlantic Migration:Some Comparisons’,American Historical Review 88,2 (1983),pp.252–255.
1707502281
1707502282 [13]R.S.Dunn,Sugar and Slaves:The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies 1624–1713 (Chapel Hill.NC,1972).
1707502283
1707502284 [14]P.R.P.Coelho and R.A.McGuire,‘African and European Bound Labour:The Biological Consequences of Economic and Choice’,Journal of Economic History 57,1 (1997),p.108.
1707502285
1707502286 [15]B.Solow,‘Slavery and Colonization’,in B.Solow (ed.),Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System (Cambridge,1991),p.29.
1707502287
1707502288 [16]I.Blanchard,Russia’s Age of Silver (London,1989).
1707502289
1707502290 [17]关于欧洲的蔗糖消费,S.Mintz,Sweetness and Power (pbk edn,London,1986),p.67。
1707502291
1707502292 [18]K.N.Chaudhuri,The Trading World of Asia and the East India Company 1660–1750 (Cambridge,1978),pp.7–10;L.Dermigny,La Chine et l’Occident:Le Commerce a Canton 1719–1833 (3 vols.,Paris,1964),vol.2,p.691.
1707502293
1707502294 [19]参见R.Davis,‘English Foreign Trade 1660–1700’,Economic History Review,New Series,7,2(1954),pp.150–166;R.Davis,‘English Foreign Trade,1700–1774’,Economic History Review,New Series,15,2 (1962),pp.285–303。
1707502295
1707502296 [20]N.Zahedieh,‘Trade,Plunder nad Economic Development in Early English Jamaica,1655–1689’,Economic History Review,New Series,39,2 (1986),pp.205–222;K.Glamann,‘The Changing Pattern of Trade’,in E.E.Rich and C.H.Wilson (eds.),The Cambridge Economic History of Europe.vol.5:The Economic Organization of Early Modern Europe (Cambridge,1977),p.191.
1707502297
1707502298 [21]参见J.de Vries,The European Economy in the Age of Crisis 1600–1750 (pbk edn,Cambridge,1976)。
1707502299
1707502300 [22]Ibid.,p.116.
1707502301
1707502302 [23]Ibid.,p.125.
1707502303
1707502304 [24]Ibid.,p.181.
1707502305
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