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[93]关于江南地区及棉花贸易，见M.Elvin，‘Market Towns and Waterways：The Country of Shanghai from 1480 to 1910’，in M.Elvin，Another History：Essays on China from a European Perspective (Sydney，1996)，p.109。
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[94]关于中国和欧洲的现代早期经济的比较，见K.Pomeranz，The Great Divergence：China，Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton，2000)，pp.106–107。
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[95]Spence，Emperor of China，p.78.
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[96]Ibid.，p.83.
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[97]R.J.Smith，China’s Cultural Heritage：The Ch’ing Dynasty 1644–1911 (Boulder，Col.，and London，1983)，pp.190ff.
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[98]Ibid.，p.108.
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1707502454
[99]C.P.Fitzgerald，The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People (London，1972)，pp.152–155.
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[100]F.H.Bray，‘Some Problems Concerning the Transfer of Scientific and Technological Knowledge’，in Lee (ed.)，China and Europe，p.16.
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[101]Smith，Cultural Heritage，pp.185–187.
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[102]关于中国政治组织的长期趋势的两种非常有用的看法，参见J.A.Fogel，Politics and Sinology：The Case of Naito Konan，1866–1934 (Cambridge，Mass.，1984)以及J.Schrecker，The Chinese Revolution in Historical Perspective (New York，1991)。
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[103]C.Totman，Early Modern Japan (London，1993)，p.140.
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[104]江户是第一个人口达到100万的城市，参见H.Jinnai，‘The Spatial Structure of Edo’，in C.Nakane and S.Oishi (eds.)，Tokugawa Japan：The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan (Tokyo，1990)。
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[105]Totman，Early Modern Europe，p.149.
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[106]S.Nakamura，‘The Development of Rural Industry’，in Nakane and Oishi (eds.)，Tokugawa Japan，pp.81–85.
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[107] E.Kato，‘The Early Shogunate and Dutch Trade Policies’，in L.Blusse and F.Gaastra (ed.)，Companies and Trade (Leiden，1981).
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[108]A.Reid，‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’，Modern Asian Studies 24，1 (1990)，pp.10,21.
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[109]M.Jansen，China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge，Mass.，1992)，p.16
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[110]Ibid.，p.7.
1707502477
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[111]Ibid.，p.8.
1707502479
1707502480
[112] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.138;Jansen，Tokugawa World，p.35.
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[113]Y.Yonezawa and C.Yoshizawa，Japanese Painting in the Literati Style (Eng.trans.New York，1974).
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[114]Jinnai，‘The Spatial Structure of Edo’，p.148.
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[115] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.261.
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[116]A.Reid，Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce，1450–1680 (2 vols.，New Haven，1988，1993)，vol.2，第3章。
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[117]J.S.Trimingham，A History of Islam in West Africa (pbk edn，Oxford，1970)，pp.131–136.
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