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[101]Smith，Cultural Heritage，pp.185–187.
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[102]关于中国政治组织的长期趋势的两种非常有用的看法，参见J.A.Fogel，Politics and Sinology：The Case of Naito Konan，1866–1934 (Cambridge，Mass.，1984)以及J.Schrecker，The Chinese Revolution in Historical Perspective (New York，1991)。
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[103]C.Totman，Early Modern Japan (London，1993)，p.140.
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[104]江户是第一个人口达到100万的城市，参见H.Jinnai，‘The Spatial Structure of Edo’，in C.Nakane and S.Oishi (eds.)，Tokugawa Japan：The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan (Tokyo，1990)。
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[105]Totman，Early Modern Europe，p.149.
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[106]S.Nakamura，‘The Development of Rural Industry’，in Nakane and Oishi (eds.)，Tokugawa Japan，pp.81–85.
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[107] E.Kato，‘The Early Shogunate and Dutch Trade Policies’，in L.Blusse and F.Gaastra (ed.)，Companies and Trade (Leiden，1981).
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[108]A.Reid，‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’，Modern Asian Studies 24，1 (1990)，pp.10,21.
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[109]M.Jansen，China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge，Mass.，1992)，p.16
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[110]Ibid.，p.7.
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[111]Ibid.，p.8.
1707502479
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[112] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.138;Jansen，Tokugawa World，p.35.
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[113]Y.Yonezawa and C.Yoshizawa，Japanese Painting in the Literati Style (Eng.trans.New York，1974).
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[114]Jinnai，‘The Spatial Structure of Edo’，p.148.
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[115] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.261.
1707502487
1707502488
[116]A.Reid，Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce，1450–1680 (2 vols.，New Haven，1988，1993)，vol.2，第3章。
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1707502490
[117]J.S.Trimingham，A History of Islam in West Africa (pbk edn，Oxford，1970)，pp.131–136.
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[118]Ibid.，p.122.
1707502493
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[119]B.Lewis，The Muslim Discovery of Europe (London，1982)，p.237;H.A.R.Gibb and H.Bowen，Islamic Society and the West：A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East，vol.1：Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century，第1部分，（London，1950），p.214.
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[120]参见J.Mokyr，The Lever of Riches：Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford，1990)，第4章。
1707502497
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[121]Trimingham，Islam，pp.141–142.
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[122]关于这个阶段的最近研究，见I.Parvev，Habsburgs and Ottomans Between Vienna and Belgrade (1683–1739)(New York，1995)。B。
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[123]B.Masters，The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East：Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo (New York，1988);D.Goffman，Izmir and the Levantine World，1550–1650 (Seattle，1990).
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[124]Lewis，Discovery，p.296.
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[125]Memoirs of the Baron de Tott on the Turks and the Tartars (Eng.trans.2 vols.，1785)，vol.2，p.15;Lewis，Discovery，p.153.
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