1707502467
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[106]S.Nakamura，‘The Development of Rural Industry’，in Nakane and Oishi (eds.)，Tokugawa Japan，pp.81–85.
1707502469
1707502470
[107] E.Kato，‘The Early Shogunate and Dutch Trade Policies’，in L.Blusse and F.Gaastra (ed.)，Companies and Trade (Leiden，1981).
1707502471
1707502472
[108]A.Reid，‘An Age of Commerce in Southeast Asian History’，Modern Asian Studies 24，1 (1990)，pp.10,21.
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1707502474
[109]M.Jansen，China in the Tokugawa World (Cambridge，Mass.，1992)，p.16
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[110]Ibid.，p.7.
1707502477
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[111]Ibid.，p.8.
1707502479
1707502480
[112] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.138;Jansen，Tokugawa World，p.35.
1707502481
1707502482
[113]Y.Yonezawa and C.Yoshizawa，Japanese Painting in the Literati Style (Eng.trans.New York，1974).
1707502483
1707502484
[114]Jinnai，‘The Spatial Structure of Edo’，p.148.
1707502485
1707502486
[115] Totman，Early Modern Japan，p.261.
1707502487
1707502488
[116]A.Reid，Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce，1450–1680 (2 vols.，New Haven，1988，1993)，vol.2，第3章。
1707502489
1707502490
[117]J.S.Trimingham，A History of Islam in West Africa (pbk edn，Oxford，1970)，pp.131–136.
1707502491
1707502492
[118]Ibid.，p.122.
1707502493
1707502494
[119]B.Lewis，The Muslim Discovery of Europe (London，1982)，p.237;H.A.R.Gibb and H.Bowen，Islamic Society and the West：A Study of the Impact of Western Civilization on Moslem Culture in the Near East，vol.1：Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century，第1部分，（London，1950），p.214.
1707502495
1707502496
[120]参见J.Mokyr，The Lever of Riches：Technological Creativity and Economic Progress (Oxford，1990)，第4章。
1707502497
1707502498
[121]Trimingham，Islam，pp.141–142.
1707502499
1707502500
[122]关于这个阶段的最近研究，见I.Parvev，Habsburgs and Ottomans Between Vienna and Belgrade (1683–1739)(New York，1995)。B。
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1707502502
[123]B.Masters，The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East：Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo (New York，1988);D.Goffman，Izmir and the Levantine World，1550–1650 (Seattle，1990).
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1707502504
[124]Lewis，Discovery，p.296.
1707502505
1707502506
[125]Memoirs of the Baron de Tott on the Turks and the Tartars (Eng.trans.2 vols.，1785)，vol.2，p.15;Lewis，Discovery，p.153.
1707502507
1707502508
[126]P.Goubert，Cent mile provinciaux au XVIle siede：Beaucais at les Beauvaisis de 1600 a 1750 (pbk edn，Paris，1968)，pp.172–173.
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1707502510
[127] Rifa’at Ali Abou El-Haj，The Formation of the Modern States：The Ottoman Empire，Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (Albany，NY，1991)，p.10.
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1707502512
[128]Carol B.Stevens，‘Modernising the Military：Peter the Great and Military Reform’，in J.Kotilaine and M.Poe (eds.)，Modernising Muscovy：Reform and Social Changes in Seventeenth-Century Russia (London，2004)，pp.247–262，esp.pp.258–259.
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1707502514
[129]参见L.Valensi，Le Maghreb acant la prise d’Algrs (1800–1830) (Paris，1969);A.C.Hess，‘The Forgotten Frontier：The Ottoman North African Provinces’，in T.Naff and R.Owen (eds.)，Studiews in Eighteenth-Century Islamic History (Carbindale，Ill.，1977)，pp.71–83。
1707502515
1707502516
[130]H.Inalcik，‘Centralization and Decentralization in Ottoman Administration’，in Naff and Owen (eds.)，Islamic History，pp.38–46.
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