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许多美国历史学家固执地反对与外部的比较研究，美国与欧洲的关系（及其他19世纪的世界）一直没有受到美国史学界的重视。但是D.W.Meinig论‘The Shaping of America
:A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History’的丛书，特别是他的Continental America,1800–1867 （New Haven,1993），是对比较研究的精彩推动。所有美国历史学家中最有影响力的是Frederick Jackson Turner，他的‘The Significance of the Frontier in American History’初版于1893年，他继续倡导比较研究。参见M.Bassin的‘Turner,Solov’ev and the “Frontier Hypothesis”
:The Nationalist Significance of Open Spaces’，刊载于Journal of Modern History 65,（1993）,pp.473–511。J.C.Malin是一个堪萨斯不同政见者，他的‘Mobility and History
:Reflections on the Agricultural Policies of the United States in Relation to a Mechanised World’,Agricultural History 17,4 （1943）,pp.177–191，揭开了美国边疆的许多神秘面纱。
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7 危机年代
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H.Strachan的The First World War
:To Arms (Oxford,2001)是三卷本中的第一本。它在论走向大战、论中东和非洲战场上以及论战争的经济和金融方面尤其出色。Z.Steiner的The Lights That Failed
:European International History,1919–1933 (Oxford,2005)对战后外交提供了一份权威性的评论。M.Mazower的The Dark Continent
:Europe’s Twentieth Century (London,2000)对欧洲的现代“黑暗时代”带来了清新的视野。H.James的The End of Globalisation (London,2001)讨论了世界经济的崩溃。Robert Skidelsky撰写的John Maynard Keynes的三卷本传记——John Maynard Keynes
:Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920 (London,1983)，John Maynard Keynes
:The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937 (London,1992)以及John Maynard Keynes
:Fighting for Britain 1937–1946 (London,2000)——是20世纪上半叶经济史的上乘介绍。
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美国的态度和政策的讨论，见A.Iriye的The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations,vol.3
:The Globalising of America (Cambridge,1995)，N.G.Levin的Woodrow Wilson and World Politics
:America’s Response to War and Revolution (Oxford,1968)和M.J.Hogan的Informal Enterte
:The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy (Columbia,Mo.,1977)。关于苏联，参见R.Overy的The Dictators
:Hitler’s Germany,Stalin’s Russia (London,2004)，R.Pipes的The Formation of the Soviet Union
:Communism 1917–1923 (rev.edn,Cambridge,Mass.,1964),M.Malia的Russia under Western Eyes (Cambridge,Mass.,1999)，以及L.Viola的Peasant Rebels under Stalin
:Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance (New York,1996)。
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关于中东，B.Lewis的The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London,1961)，A.Mango的Ataturk (London,1999)和M.E.Meeker的A Nation of Empire
:The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity (Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,2002)解释了土耳其后帝国的转型。E.Abrahamian的Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton,1982)是伊朗现代史必不可少的著作。M.E.Yapp的The Near East Since the First World War (London,1991)是一流的综合研究。
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关于殖民统治最后阶段的印度政治，D.Hardiman的Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat (Delhi,1981)提供了一份引人入胜的特写。S.Bose和A.Jalal的Modern South Asia
:History,Culture Political Economy (London,1998)是一本生动活泼的著作。甘地的自传可以与J.M.Brown的现代传记Gandhi
:Prisoner of Hope (London,1991)一起阅读。B.Parekh的Colonialism,Tradition and Reform (London,1989)解释了甘地的思想。关于穆斯林政治的发展，见D.Page的Prelude to Partition
:The Indian Muslims and the Imperial System of Control 1920–1932 (Delhi,1982)。
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关于日本本土史与其扩张的历史间的关联，参见P.Duus、R.Myers和M.Peattie主编的Japanese Informal Empire in China,1895–1937 (Princeton,1989)，W.G.Beasley的Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945 (Oxford,1991)以及H.Harootunian的Overcome by Modernity
:History,Culture and Community in Inter-war Japan (Princeton,2000)。Hans van der Ven的War and Nationalism in China 1925–1945 (London,2003)，是当今理解中国历史上最暴力阶段的必读书。从R.Mitter的A Bitter Revolution
:China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford,2004)可了解到五四运动的重要意义。
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B.Berman和J.Lonsdale的Unhappy Valley
:Conflict in Kenya and Africa,book2
:Ethnicity and Violence (London,1992)出色地探索了殖民化非洲社会内部的紧张状况。G.L.Weinberg的A World at War
:A Global History of World War Two (Cambridge,1994)是最好的现代一卷本研究著作。
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8 被否定的帝国
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关于在欧洲及世界的冷战环境，见J.L.Gaddist的We Now Know
:Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford,1997)，O.A.Westad的Cold War and Revolution
:Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War (New York,1993)以及O.A.Westad的The Global Cold War (Cambridge,2005)。关于非殖民化的一般文献，见R.F.Holland的European Decolonisation 1918–1981 (London,1985)和R.Darwin的Britain and Decolonisation
:The Retreat From Empire in the Post-War World (London,1988)。殖民国家权力交接转移后面的基本策略在Wm Rodger Louis 和Ronald Robinson的‘The Imperialism of Decolonisation’,Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22,3 (1994)中揭露出来。关于中国革命和革命后的情况，见Westad的Cold War and Revolution,Chalmers Johnson的Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power (Stanford,1962)以及S.Schram的两本书Mao Tse-tung (London,1967)和The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (London,1971)。“文化大革命”是R.MacFarquhar的三部曲的主题，The Origins of the Cultural Revolution,vol.1
:Contradictions among the People 1956–1957 (London,1974)；vol.2
:The Great Leap Forward 1957–1960 (London,1983)；vol.3
:The Coming of the Cataclysm 1961–1966 (London,1999)。关于日本的必读书是John Dower的Embracing Defeat
:Japan in the Aftermath of World War Two (Harmondsworth,1999)。
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关于中东，W.R.Louis的The British Empire in the Middle East 1945–1951
:Arab Nationalism,the United States,and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford,1984)是一部对卷入该地区最深的两个西方大国的政策与计划的最为详尽的研究著作。M.J.Cohen的Palestine and the Great Powers 1945–1948 (Princeton,1982)解释了以色列形成的地缘政治状况。R.McNamara的Britain,Nasser and the Balance of Power in the Middle East 1952–1967 (London,2003)以及K.Kyle的Suez (London,1991)研究了纳赛尔及他领导的阿拉伯民族主义的兴衰。E.Abrahamian的Iran Between Two Revolutions (Princeton,1982)分析了战后伊朗的动荡和20世纪50—60年代沙阿权力的巩固。Y.E.Yapp的The Near East Since the First World War (London,1991)仍然是无价之宝。A.Sampson的The Seven Sisters
:The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made〖PS567.EPS;S+4.5mm;Z-2*2,Z〗 (London,1975)是国际石油业的可读书籍。
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D.Anderson的Histories of the Hanged (London,2005)是探讨肯尼亚矛矛危机背后的现实的著作，并揭露了运动中帮助摧毁前殖民国家的压力。P.Chabal和J.P.Daloz的Africa Works
:Disorder as Political Instrument (Oxford,1999)和J.F.Bayart、S.Ellis和B.Hibou的The Criminalisation of the State in Africa (Oxford,1999)是后殖民国家的迷人著作。关于美“帝国”的崛起，见D.Lake的Entangling Relations
:American Foreign Policy in its Century (Princeton,1999)和G.Lundestad的The American ‘Empire’ (London,1990)。
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苏联经济力量的资源，在D.Filtzer的Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism
:Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System after World War Two (Cambridge,2002)中得到解释。“前全球化”阶段的国际经济描述于H.van der Wee的Prosperity and Upheaval
:The World Economy 1945–1980 (London,1986)。关于美国力量的使用和滥用的某些争论，见Robert J.Art的A Grand Strategy for America (London,2003)和Chalmers Johnson的The Sorrows if Empire
:Militarism,Secrecy and the End of the Republic (New York,2004)。
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全球帝国史：帖木儿之后帝国的兴与衰（1400-2000）
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索引
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（条目后的页码为原书页码，即本书边码）
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阿巴丹 Abadan 432,461
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阿巴拉契亚山脉 Appalachians 107,163,172
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阿拔斯沙阿 Abbas Shah 80–81
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阿比西尼亚，参看埃塞俄比亚 Abyssinia,see Ethiopia
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阿卜杜勒·莱兑弗，历史学家 ‘Abd al-Latif,historian 203
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阿道夫·希特勒 Hitler,Adolf 406,417–419
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阿尔及尔 Algiers 257
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