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1.由于产权缺位,公共财产被过度的开发与利用。——译者
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2.1972年,罗马俱乐部发表报告《增长的极限》,预言经济增长不可能无限持续下去,因为石油等自然资源的供给是有限的。——译者
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3.1995年,蒂莫西·麦克维在俄克拉何马城炸死168人。——译者
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4.1996年,特奥多·卡克辛斯基因制造和邮寄邮包炸弹,造成3人死亡。——译者
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崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 补充阅读
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以下是我筛选后的参考书目,供有兴趣作进一步研究的读者参考。在此,我没有将连篇累牍的参考书目一一列出,而是选用最新的出版物,因为读者也可从这些最新出版物中了解早前的文献资料。此外,我还列出一些重要的专著和期刊论文。期刊名称后面为卷数,冒号后是文章的首尾页码,最后括号内的是出版年份。
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崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 前言
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有关世界各地古代文明社会崩溃的比较研究,具有影响力的著作包括Joseph Tainter的The Collapse of Complex Societies(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988),Norman Yoffee 和George Cowgill等人编辑的The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations(Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1988)。着重关注于古代社会对环境的冲击或是这种冲击在社会崩溃过程中所扮演的角色,这样的书籍有:Clive Ponting的A Green History of the World:The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations(New York:Penguin, 1991);Charles Redman的Human Impact on Ancient Environments(Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1999);D.M.Kammen、K.R.Smith、K.T.Rambo和M.A.K.Khalil等人编辑的Preindustrial Human Environmental Impacts:Are There Lessons for Global Change Science and Policy?(Chemosphere, volume 29, no.5, September 1994);还有Charles Redman、Steven James、Paul Fish和J.Daniel Rogers编辑的The Archaeology of Global Change:The Impact of Humans on Their Environment(Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Books, 2004)。在古代社会比较研究中,以气候变化为切入点的有如下三本著作:Floods, Famines, and Emperors:El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations(New York:Basic Books, 1999);The Little Ice Age(New York:Basic Books, 2001);以及The Long Summer:How Climate Changed Civilization(New York:Basic Books, 2004)。
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涉及国家兴衰的比较研究有Peter Turchin的Historical Dynamics:Why States Rise and Fall(Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 2003),还有Jack Goldstone的Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World(Berkeley:University of California Press, 1991).
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崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第一章
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关于蒙大拿州的发展史,请参阅Joseph Howard的Montana:High, Wide, and Handsome(New Haven:Yale University Press, 1943);K.Ross Toole的Montana:An Uncommon Land(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1959);K. Ross Toole 的20th-Century Montana:A State of Extremes(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1972)以及Michael Malone、Richard Roeder与William Lang合著的Montana:A History of Two Centuries(修订版)(Seattle:University of Washington Press, 1991)。Russ Lawrence也为比特鲁谷画了一本图册:Montana’s Bitterroot Valley(Stevensville, Mont.:Stoneydale Press, 1991)。而Bertha Francis写的The Land of Big Snows(Butte,Mont.:Caxton Printers, 1955)讲述的是大洞盆地的历史。
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Thomas Power的Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies:The Search for Value of Place(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1996)、Thomas Power与Richard Barrett合著的Post-Cowboy Economics:Pay and Prosperity in the New American West(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2001)这两本书探讨了蒙大拿与美国西部山区的经济问题。想了解蒙大拿采矿业的历史和对环境的冲击,可参考以下两本书:David Stiller的Wounding the West:Montana, Mining, and the Environment(Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, 2000)和Michael Malone的The Battle for Butte:Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864-1906(Helena, Mont.:Montana Historical Society Press, 1981)。Stephen Pyne写的关于森林火灾的书有Fire in America:A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire(Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 1982)和Year of the Fires:The Story of the Great Fires of 1910(New York:Viking Penguin.2001)。Stephen Arno与Steven Allison-Bunnell写过一本关于美国西部火灾问题的书:Flames in our Forests:Disaster or Renewal?(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2002)。Harsh Bais等人在“Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion:from molecules and genes to species interactions”(Science 301:1377-1380(2003))一文中指出,斑点矢车菊会从根部分泌出一种危害本土植物的有毒物质,但不会伤害到其自身。Lynn Jacobs在Waste of the West:Public Lands Ranching(Tucson:Lynn Jacobs, 1991)一书中探讨了蒙大拿在内的美国西部的畜牧业对环境造成的影响。
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本章讨论的一些蒙大拿问题,可从下列网站或是该组织的电子邮件得到最新的信息:Bitterroot Land Trust:www.BitterRootLandTrust.org;Bitterroot Valley Chamber of Commerce:www.bvchamber.com;Bitterroot Water Forum:brwaterforum@bitterroot.mt;Friends of the Bitterroot:www.FriendsoftheBitterroot.org;Montana Weed Control Association:www.mtweed.org;Plum Creek Timber:www.plumcreek.com;Trout Unlimited’s Missoula office:montrout@montana.com;Whirling Disease Foundation:www.whirling-disease.org;Sonoran Institute:www.sonoran.org/programs/si_se;Center for the Rocky Mountain West:www.crmw.org/read;Montana Department of Labor and Industry:http://rad.dli.state.mt.us/pubs/profile.asp;Northwest Income Indicators Project:http://niip.wsu.edu/。
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崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第二章
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普通读者如果想对复活节岛有个大概的认识,可从下面三本书着手:John Flenley与Paul Bahn合著的The Enigmas of Easter Island(New York:Oxford University Press, 2003),这本书的旧版是Easter Island, Earth Island(London:Thames and Hudson, 1992);还有Jo Anne Van Tilburg写的Easter Island:Archaeology,Ecology, and Culture(Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994)和Among Stone Giants(New York:Scribner, 2003)。最后要提及的书是Katherine Routledge写的自传,这位伟大的英国考古学家在1914—1915年到复活节岛采访岛民,记录了岛民记忆中最后的奥隆戈宗教仪式。她的一生宛如一本精彩纷呈的小说。
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近年来出版的和复活节岛相关的书还有以下两本:Catherine 和Michel Orliac合著的The Silent Gods:Mysteries of Easter Island(London:Thames and Hudson, 1995), 还有John Loret和John Tancredi共同编辑的Easter Island:Scientific Exploration into the World’s Environmental Problems in Microcosm(New York:Kluwer/Plenum, 2003),书中有13个章节论述了近年来科学家们在岛上考察的结果。此外,对复活节岛有浓厚兴趣的人还可以参阅两本出版较早的经典著作:Katherine Routledge写的The Mystery of Easter Island(London:Sifton Praed, 1919, reprinted by Adventure Unlimited Press, Kempton, Ⅲ, 1998), 以及Alfred Métraux写的Ethnology of Easter Island(Honolulu:Bishop Museum Bullentin 160, 1940, reprinted 1971)。此外,Eric Kjellgren编辑的Splendid Isolation:Art of Easter Island(New York:Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001)收录了十几张照片,很多是彩图,有复活节岛的石雕、朗格朗格板、穆埃·卡瓦卡瓦的小雕像、穿树皮布的人,还有红羽毛做的头饰,红色石帽普卡奥的灵感也许正来源于此。
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Jo Anne Van Tilburg的论文包括“Easter Island(Rapa Nui)archaeology since 1955:some thoughts on progress, problems and potential,”pp.555-577,收录于J.M.Davidson等人编辑的Oceanic Culture History:Essays in Honour of Roger Green(New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication, 1996);她和Cristián Arévalo Pakarati合写的“The Rapanui carvers’perspective:notes and observations on the experimental replication of monolithic sculpture(moai),”被收录在A.Herle等人编辑的Pacific Art:Persistence, Change and Meaning(Bathurst, Australia:Crawford House, 2002)一书中;她与Ted Ralston合写的“Megaliths and mariners:experimental archaeology on Easter Island(Rapa Nui)”这篇论文被收录在K.L.Johnson编辑的Onward and Upward!Papers in Honor of Clement W.Meighan(University Press of America)。上面提到的后两篇论文描述了考古学家为了弄明白石像的雕刻、搬运过程和搬运时间所做的实验研究。
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