1707585920
1707585921
[7]Ho,“Early-Ripening Rice in Chinese History,”211-214,215.
1707585922
1707585923
[8]Alfred W.Crosby,EcologicalImperialism:TheBiologicalExpansionof Europe,900-1900(New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,1986),28.一个基于英国历史的有趣探索,参见Richard Mabey,Weeds:InDefenseofNature’sMost UnlovedPlants(New York,NY:HarperCollins,2011)。
1707585924
1707585925
[9]Bray,Agriculture,300.有关农具的例子,参见该书第302-317页。
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[10]转引自Bray,Agriculture,99。译者注:《史记·货殖列传》。
1707585928
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[11]Ibid.,318.
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1707585931
[12]Ibid.,299.
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[13]转引自Cai Renkui,Ni Dashu,and Wang Jianguo,“Rice-Fish Culture in China:The Past,Present,and Future,”in Kenneth T.MacKay ed.,Rice-fishCulture inChina(Ottawa:International Development Research Centre,1995),4。译者注:刘恂《岭表录异》。
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[14]Wu Neng,Liao Guohou,Lou Yulin,and Zhong Gemei,“The Role of Fish in Controlling Mosquitoes in Ricefields,”in Mac Kay ed.,Rice-FishCulture,213;Wang Jianguo and Ni Dashu,“A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva,”in MacKay ed.,Rice-FishCulture,218-219.
1707585936
1707585937
[15]William H.McNeill,PlaguesandPeoples(Garden City,NJ:Anchor Press,1976),5-13。中译本见威廉·H.麦克尼尔《瘟疫与人》。
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1707585939
[16]Mark Elvin,ThePatternoftheChinesePast(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,1971),116.
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1707585941
[17]Sheng-han Shih,APreliminarySurveyoftheBookCh’iMinYaoShu,an AgriculturalTreatiseoftheSixthCentury(Beijing,CN:Science Press,1962).
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[18]关于对宋代土地所有权复杂情况的探讨,可参见Denis Twitchett,LandTenureandtheSocialOrderinT’angandSungChina(London:University of London School of Oriental and African Studies,1962);Mark Elvin,“The Last Thousand Years of Chinese History:Changing Patterns in Land Tenure,”ModernAsianStudies 4,no.2(1970):97-114;Peter J.Golas,“Rural China in the Song,”TheJournalof AsianStudies 39,no.2(1980):291-325;Joseph P.McDermott,“Charting Blank Spaces and Disputed Regions:The Problem of Sung Land Tenure,”TheJournalof AsianStudies 44,no.1(1984):13-41。
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[19]Golas,“Rural China in the Song,”309.
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[20]Ibid.,302.
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1707585949
[21]Jacques Gernet,BuddhisminChineseSociety:AnEconomicHistoryfromthe FifthtotheTenthCenturies,trans.Franciscus Verellen(New York,NY:Columbia University Press,1995),7.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,耿昇译,甘肃人民出版社,1987,第17页。谢和耐指出,这些机构中还不包括3万~4万座仅有一两名僧人的小型寺院。
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[22]Ibid.,115.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第144页。
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[23]Jacques Gernet,BuddhisminChineseSociety:AnEconomicHistoryfromthe FifthtotheTenthCenturies,116-117.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第145-146页。
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[24]Ibid.,20.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第37页。
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[25]Ibid.,17.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第34页。
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1707585959
[26]Denis Twirchett,“The Monasteris and China’s Economy in Medieval Times,”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 19, no.3(1957): 535-541.
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[27]Ibid.,536-537.
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[28]Gernet,BuddhisminChineseSociety,100.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第127-128页。
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[29]Ibid.,102.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第130页。
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[30]James Cahill,ThePainter’sPractice:HowArtistsLivedandWorkedinTraditionalChina(New York,NY:Columbia University Press,1994),98-100.亦可参见James Cahill,HillsBeyondaRiver:ChinesePaintingoftheYüanDynasty(New York,NY:Weatherhill,1976)。中译本见高居翰:《画家生涯:传统中国画家的生活与工作》,第108-111页;《隔江山色:元代绘画(1279—1368)》,宋伟航译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009。
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[31]转引自Wen C.Fong and James Y.C.Watt,PossessingthePast:Treasures fromtheNationalPalaceMuseum,Taipei(New York,NY:The Metropolitan Museum of Art,1996),127-128。译者注:郭熙《林泉高致》。
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