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[13]转引自Cai Renkui,Ni Dashu,and Wang Jianguo,“Rice-Fish Culture in China:The Past,Present,and Future,”in Kenneth T.MacKay ed.,Rice-fishCulture inChina(Ottawa:International Development Research Centre,1995),4。译者注:刘恂《岭表录异》。
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[14]Wu Neng,Liao Guohou,Lou Yulin,and Zhong Gemei,“The Role of Fish in Controlling Mosquitoes in Ricefields,”in Mac Kay ed.,Rice-FishCulture,213;Wang Jianguo and Ni Dashu,“A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva,”in MacKay ed.,Rice-FishCulture,218-219.
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[15]William H.McNeill,PlaguesandPeoples(Garden City,NJ:Anchor Press,1976),5-13。中译本见威廉·H.麦克尼尔《瘟疫与人》。
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[16]Mark Elvin,ThePatternoftheChinesePast(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,1971),116.
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[17]Sheng-han Shih,APreliminarySurveyoftheBookCh’iMinYaoShu,an AgriculturalTreatiseoftheSixthCentury(Beijing,CN:Science Press,1962).
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[18]关于对宋代土地所有权复杂情况的探讨,可参见Denis Twitchett,LandTenureandtheSocialOrderinT’angandSungChina(London:University of London School of Oriental and African Studies,1962);Mark Elvin,“The Last Thousand Years of Chinese History:Changing Patterns in Land Tenure,”ModernAsianStudies 4,no.2(1970):97-114;Peter J.Golas,“Rural China in the Song,”TheJournalof AsianStudies 39,no.2(1980):291-325;Joseph P.McDermott,“Charting Blank Spaces and Disputed Regions:The Problem of Sung Land Tenure,”TheJournalof AsianStudies 44,no.1(1984):13-41。
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[19]Golas,“Rural China in the Song,”309.
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[20]Ibid.,302.
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[21]Jacques Gernet,BuddhisminChineseSociety:AnEconomicHistoryfromthe FifthtotheTenthCenturies,trans.Franciscus Verellen(New York,NY:Columbia University Press,1995),7.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,耿昇译,甘肃人民出版社,1987,第17页。谢和耐指出,这些机构中还不包括3万~4万座仅有一两名僧人的小型寺院。
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[22]Ibid.,115.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第144页。
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[23]Jacques Gernet,BuddhisminChineseSociety:AnEconomicHistoryfromthe FifthtotheTenthCenturies,116-117.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第145-146页。
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[24]Ibid.,20.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第37页。
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[25]Ibid.,17.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第34页。
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[26]Denis Twirchett,“The Monasteris and China’s Economy in Medieval Times,”Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 19, no.3(1957): 535-541.
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[27]Ibid.,536-537.
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[28]Gernet,BuddhisminChineseSociety,100.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第127-128页。
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[29]Ibid.,102.中译本见谢和耐:《中国五—十世纪的寺院经济》,第130页。
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[30]James Cahill,ThePainter’sPractice:HowArtistsLivedandWorkedinTraditionalChina(New York,NY:Columbia University Press,1994),98-100.亦可参见James Cahill,HillsBeyondaRiver:ChinesePaintingoftheYüanDynasty(New York,NY:Weatherhill,1976)。中译本见高居翰:《画家生涯:传统中国画家的生活与工作》,第108-111页;《隔江山色:元代绘画(1279—1368)》,宋伟航译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009。
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[31]转引自Wen C.Fong and James Y.C.Watt,PossessingthePast:Treasures fromtheNationalPalaceMuseum,Taipei(New York,NY:The Metropolitan Museum of Art,1996),127-128。译者注:郭熙《林泉高致》。
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[32]Edward H.Schafer,“The Conservation of Nature under the T’ang Dynasty,”JournaloftheEconomicandSocialHistoryoftheOrient 5,no.3(1962):298.薛爱华从他的资料中推断出的结论“所有这些最文明的艺术形式……对华北大部分森林的减少负有责任”很可能是错误的;就我们目前所见,为开垦农田而清除森林具有更大的影响力;在本章稍后部分,张玲指出,维护黄河的堤防很可能才是太行山失去植被的原因。
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[33]Edward H.Schafer,“The Conservation of Nature under the T’ang Dynasty,”JournaloftheEconomicandSocialHistoryoftheOrient 5,no.3(1962):301-302.
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[34]Ibid.,308.
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[35]Joanna Handlin Smith,“Societies for Liberating Animals,”in TheArtofDoingGood:CharityinLateMingChina(Berkeley and Los Angeles,CA:University of California Press,2009),15-42.
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