打字猴:1.70758667e+09
1707586670
1707586671 [8]John E.Herman,“The Cant of Conquest:Tusi Offices and China’s Political Incorporation of the Southwest Frontier,”in EmpireattheMargins:Culture,Ethnicity,andFrontierinEarlyModernChina,eds.Pamela Kyle Crossley,Helen F.Siu,and Donald S.Sutton(Berkeley and Los Angeles,CA:University of California Press,2006),135.
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1707586673 [9]目前我们对这些族群的认知,可参见Stevan Harrell,WaysofBeingEthnic inSouthwestChina(Seattle,WA:University of Washington Press,2001)。
1707586674
1707586675 [10]Magnus Fiskesjö,“On the‘Raw’and the‘Cooked’Barbarians of Imperial China,”InnerAsia 1(1999):145-146.
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1707586677 [11]Li Daoyong,“The Kammu People in China and Their Social Customs,”Asian FolkloreStudies 43,no.1(1984):15-28.中文版亦可参考李道勇:《勐腊的克木人概略》,《中央民族学院学报》1982年第1期。
1707586678
1707586679 [12]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,8.对阿卡人种植方式和不同地区地理、植被、野生生物的详细介绍,可参见该书第120-126页。
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1707586681 [13]John E.Herman,AmidtheCloudsandMist:China’sColonizationof Guizhou,1200 1700(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2007),21.
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1707586683 [14]Ibid.,66-70.
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1707586685 [15]C.Patterson Giersch,AsianBorderlands:TheTransformationofQing China’sYunnanFrontier(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2006),20.
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1707586687 [16]James C.Scott,TheArtofNotBeingGoverned:AnAnarchistHistoryof UplandSoutheastAsia(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2009),ch.1.
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1707586689 [17]Elvin,TheRetreatoftheElephants,216.
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1707586691 [18]遗传学者目前认为东亚地区的现代人类是在同一次迁徙浪潮中经由东南亚移入的,因此中国人类族群的多样性在西南和南部地区最为丰富,随着人口向北方的迁移而趋于减少。参见The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium,“Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia,”Science 326(December 11,2009):1541-1545。
1707586692
1707586693 [19]Nicholas Menzies,“‘The Villagers’View of Environmental History in Yunnan Province,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,112-113.中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第175-207页。
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1707586695 [20]Giersch,AsianBorderlands,22-24.
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1707586697 [21]Laura Hostetler,QingColonialEnterprise:EthnographyandCartographyin Early Modern China (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 105-114, 135-148.
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1707586699 [22]Herman,“The Cant of Conquest,”135-168.
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1707586701 [23]Herman,AmidtheCloudsandMist,10.
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1707586703 [24]Ibid.,87.
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1707586705 [25]Herman,AmidtheCloudsandMist,136.
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1707586707 [26]Ibid.,131.
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1707586709 [27]除前述Giersch和Herman的著作以外,还可参见Leo Shin,TheMakingof theChineseState:EthnicityandExpansionontheMingBorderlands(New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,2006)。这些暴力事件和土地掠夺并不仅仅发生在汉人与土著民族之间,土著民族之间的冲突也非常频繁,这部分是因为土司们会掠夺周围部落的土地并希望能够获得汉人政府的支持或宽恕,部分则是因为汉人政府往往很不了解当地的具体情况,从而混淆了土著民族之间的战争和它们对明朝政府的“叛乱”。
1707586710
1707586711 [28]David Faure,“The Yao Wars in the Mid-Ming and Their Impact on Yao Ethnicity,”in EmpireattheMargins,eds.Crossley,Siu,and Sutton,176.
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1707586713 [29]Elvin,TheRetreatoftheElephants,227.
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1707586715 [30]转引自上书,229-230。译者注:朱燮元奏疏,见《明史·朱燮元传》。
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1707586717 [31]Herman,“The Cant of Conquest,”151.
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1707586719 [32]转引自Hostetler,QingColonialEnterprise,113。
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