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[2]参见Takeshi Hamashita,China,EastAsiaandtheGlobalEconomy:RegionalandHistoricalPerspectives(New York,NY:Routledge,2008)。中译本见滨下武志:《中国、东亚与全球经济:区域和历史的视角》,王玉茹、赵劲松、张玮译,社会科学文献出版社,2009。
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[3]J.R.McNeill,“Of Rats and Men:A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific,”JournalofWorldHistory 5,no.2(1994):322.中译本参见J.R.麦克尼尔:《人鼠之间:太平洋群岛的简要环境史》,载夏继果、杰里·本特利主编:《全球史读本》,北京大学出版社,2010,第224页。
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[4]J.R.McNeill,“Of Rats and Men:A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific,”JournalofWorldHistory 5,no.2(1994):319.中译本见夏继果、杰里·本特利主编:《全球史读本》,第221-222页。译者注:作者这里的介绍尚不全面,欧美殖民者对太平洋群岛的破坏并不仅仅是为了满足对华贸易的逆差,他们还大量掠夺这里的劳动力用于捕鲸、采集鸟粪和种植甘蔗,并把流感和天花等病毒带到这里,造成了高达90%以上土著人口的减少,这些都与中国无关,而纯粹是由欧美殖民者犯下的罪恶。
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[5]Bello,“Imperial Foraging.”
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[6]Richards,TheUnendingFrontier,537.
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[7]Richards,TheUnendingFrontier,536,538,540-541.
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[8]Richard Mackie,TradingbeyondtheMountains:TheBritishFurTradeon thePacific 1793-1843(Vancouver:UBC Press,1997),51-55.亦可参见JamesR. Gibson,OtterSkins,BostonShips,andChinaGoods:TheMaritimeFurTradeof theNorthwestCoast,1785-1841(Seattle,WA:University of Washington Press,1992)。
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[9]David Igler,“Diseased Goods:Global Exchanges in the Eastern Pacific Basin,1770-1850,”American HistoricalReview 109,no.3(2004):714-715.
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[10]David Igler,“Diseased Goods:Global Exchanges in the Eastern Pacific Basin,1770-1850,”American HistoricalReview 109,no.3(2004):693-719.
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[11]McNeill,“Of Rats and Men,”325-326.中译本见夏继果、杰里·本特利主编:《全球史读本》,第226页。
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[12]Kerrie L.MacPherson,“Cholera in China,1820-1930,”in Sedimentsof Time,eds.Elvin and Liu,487-519.中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第747-795页。
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[13]这一直延续到1950年代,见Nicholas Menzies,“‘The Villagers’ View of Environmental History in Yunnan,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,115-119(中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第189-190页)插图。
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[14]本部分关于鸦片和流行病关系的内容主要参考了Carol Benedict,Bubonic PlagueinNineteenth-CenturyChina(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,1996)。
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[15]特别参见Frederic Wakeman,Jr.,TheFallofImperialChina(中译本见魏斐德:《中华帝制的衰落》,邓军译,黄山书社,2010),几乎所有近代中国的教科书都或多或少包括一些有关鸦片战争可参考的内容。
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[16]Joyce A.Madancy,TheTroublesomeLegacyofCommissionerLin:TheOpiumTradeandOpiumSuppressioninFujianProvince,1820s-1920s(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2003).
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[17]Edward R.Slack,Opium,State,andSociety:China’sNarco-economyand theGuomindang,1924-1937(Honolulu.HI:University of Hawai’i Press,2001);Li,Xiaoxiong,PoppiesandPoliticsinChina:SichuanProvince,1840sto1940s(Newark,DE:University of Delaware Press,2009);Allan Baumler,TheChineseand OpiumundertheRepublic:WorseThanFloodsandWildBeasts(Albany,NY:State University of New York Press,2007);Carl Trocki,Opium,Empire,andtheGlobal PoliticalEconomy:AStudyoftheAsianOpiumTrade(London,UK:Routledge,1999).几乎所有这些学术著作都集中在鸦片的生产和消费方面,而极少关注罂粟种植及其是否对环境产生过重要影响。
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[18]Li,PoppiesandPoliticsinChina,30.
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[19]David Bello,OpiumandtheLimitsofEmpire:DrugProhibitionintheChineseInterior,1729-1850(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2005),222-223.
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[20]Slack,Opium,State,andSociety,4.
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[21]Daniel Headrick,TheToolsofEmpire:TechnologyandEuropeanImperialismintheNineteenthCentury(New York,NY:Oxford University Press,1981);梗概性的介绍可以参见Marks,OriginsoftheModernWorld,2nd ed.,115-117(中译本见罗伯特·B.马克斯:《现代世界的起源》,第157-160页)。
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[22]彭慕兰将这一变化称为“大分流”(The Great Divergence),J.R.麦克尼尔则称之为“阳光下的新事物”(Something New under the Sun)。
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[23]新疆的情况有所不同,参见Jeffrey Kinzley,“Oil and the Making of an Economic Borderland:Xinjiang,Republican China,and the Russian/Soviet Empire,1912-1921,”paper presented at 2011 AAS annual convention,Honolulu,HI。
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[24]Eduard B.Vermeer,“Population and Ecology along the Frontier in Qing China,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,252-254.
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