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[38]转引自Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature? The Environmental Impact of the Grain-First Campaign in China,”TheChinaJournal,no.50(July 2003):51。译者注:青海省农业厅:《盛开在草原的红花——记全面大丰收的德令哈农场》,《中国农垦》1959年第1期。
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[39]上述及更多的例子参见Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.3;曲格平、李金昌《中国人口与环境》;Vaclav Smil,TheBadEarth,ch.1;而相反的观点则可参见Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature?”37-59。
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[40]Liu,“Reforestation after Deforestation,”91.
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[41]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
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[42]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
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[43]Ibid.,92.
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[44]Sandra Postel and Lori Heise,ReforestingtheEarth,Worldwatch Paper 83(Washington,DC:Worldwatch Institute,1988),51-52.
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[45]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,163,153-156.
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[46]Wang et al.,“Mosaic of Reform:Forest Policy in Post-1978 China,”74,77.
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[47]李波:《云南吉沙:旅游开发中的环境与文化保护》,载梁从诫主编:《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》,社会科学文献出版社,2006。
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[48]美国国家气候资料中心,http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/chinaflooding/chinaflooding.html。
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[49]Elizabeth Economy,TheRiverRunsBlack:TheEnvironmentalChallengeto China’sFuture(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2004),121.中译本见易明:《一江黑水》,第62页。
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[50]James Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China,”theChinaQuarterly no.156(December 1998):924-926.
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[51]Brook Lamer and Alexandra A.Seno,“A Reckless Harvest:China Is Protecting Its Own Trees,But Has Begun Instead To Devour Asia’s Forests,”Newsweek,January 27,2003.http://newweek.com/id/62877.实际上,中国的木材需求只是苏门答腊低地地区热带雨林砍伐日益严重的原因之一,造纸用纸浆和棕榈油生产是更主要的原因,参见常理:《“APP风波”备忘录》,载梁从诫主编:《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》。
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[52]Lamer and Seno,“A Reckless Harvest.”
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[53]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,166,193-195,209-215.
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[54]Xu Guohua and L.J.Peel,eds.,TheAgricultureofChina(Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1991),4.
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[55]Williams,BeyondGreatWalls,25.
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[56]James A.Millward and Peter C.Perdue,“Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century,”in Xinjiang:China’sMuslim Borderland,ed.S.Frederick Starr(Armonk,NY:M.E.Sharpe,2004),30.
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[57]Williams,BeyondGreatWalls,15.
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[58]Ibid.,ch.2.
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[59]David Sneath,ChangingInnerMongolia:PastoralMongolianSocietyandthe ChineseState(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000),83,85.
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[60]Ibid.,85.
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[61]Ibid.,86.
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[62]Ibid., 135-136.
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