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[19]Li,FightingFamineinNorthChina,370.
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[20]Jim Yardley,“Beneath Booming Cities,China’s Future Is Drying Up,”The NewYorkTimes,September 28,2007.
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[21]Zhang Quanfa,“The South-to-North Water Diversion Project,”Frontiersin EcologyandtheEnvironment 3,no.2(2005):76;Shai Oster,“Water Project in China Is Delayed,”TheWallStreetJournal,December 31,2008,A4;Jasper Becker,“The Death of China’s Rivers”;“Factbox:Facts on China’s South-to-North Water Transfer Project,”Thomson Reuters,http://reuters.com/assets,February 26,2009.
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[22]Liu Changming,“Environmental Issues and the South-North Water Transfer Scheme,”TheChinaQuarterly no.156(December 1998):904-906.
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[23]Jianguo Wu,Jianhui Huang,Xingguo Han,Xianming Gao,Fengliang He,Mingxi Jiang,Zhigang Jiang,Richard B.Primack,Zehao Shen,“The Three Gorges Dam:An Ecological Perspective,”FrontiersonEcologyandtheEnvironment 2,no.5(2004):241-248.
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[24]Jianguo Wu,Jianhui Huang,Xingguo Han,Zongqiang Xie,Xianming Gao,“Three Gorges Dam—Experiment in Habitat Fragmentation?”Science 300(May 23,2003):1239-1240.
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[25]Mara Hvistendahl,“China’s Three Gorges Dam:An Environmental Catastrophe?”ScientificAmerican,March 25,2008.
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[26]James T.Areddy,“Drought Poses Obstacle for Giant Chinese Dam,”The WallStreetJournal,November 18,2009,A12.
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[27]Hvistendahl,“China’s Three Gorges Dam”.
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[28]Andrew C.Mertha,China’sWaterWarriors:CitizenActionandPolicy Change(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2008),99.
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[29]关于都江堰的介绍与分析,参见Mertha,China’sWaterWarriors,94-109。
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[30]长江(云南境内的上游为金沙江)折向东流;澜沧江则继续向南,全长3 000多英里,经云南出境后成为老挝和缅甸、泰国的界河并改称湄公河,再流经柬埔寨和越南南部的湄公河三角洲,最后汇入南海;怒江的中国部分长约1 250英里,经云南流入缅甸后改称萨尔温江,再经过500英里后注入马达班海湾。
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[31]UNESCO World Heritage Centre,“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas,”http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1083.
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[32]United Nations Environment Programme,World Conservation Monitoring Center,“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas,”www.unep-wcmc.org.
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[33]Ibid.
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[34]在这些少数民族的名称中包含着非常复杂的历史和政治因素,对此较详细的探讨可参见Jonathan Unger,“Not Quite Han:The Ethnic Minorities of China’s Southwest,”BulletinofConcernedAsianScholars 29,no.3(1997):67-98。
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[35]一个位于怒江上方,海拔1600米村庄的农作月历,可参见Nicholas K.Menzies,“Villagers’View of Environmental History,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,120-122(中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第192页)。
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[36]Unger,“Not Quite Han,”70.
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[37]Jonathan Unger,“Life in the Chinese Hinterlands under the Rural Economic Reforms,”BulletinofConcernedAsianScholars 22,no.2(1990):9.
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[38]Fang Zhouzi,quoted in Mertha,China’sWaterWarriors,137.
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[39]关于西部大开发战略的简要介绍,可参见Williams,BeyondGreatWalls,52。
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[40]Darrin L.Magee,NewEnergyGeographies:PowershedPoliticsandHydropowerDecisionMakinginYunnan,China(University of Washington Ph.D.thesis,2006),112-114.
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[41]关于修建第一个大型水利枢纽工程——黄河三门峡水电站反对意见被压制所造成的后果,可参见Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,62-65。
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[42]薛野、汪永晨:《备受争议的西南水电开发》,载梁从诫主编《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》。
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[43]Mertha,China’sWaterWarriors,45-48.
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