打字猴:1.707592405e+09
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1707592408 [59]详细研究,参见曹正汉、周杰:《社会风险与地方分权——中国在食品安全监管上实行地方分级管理的原因》,载《社会学研究》,2013年第1期。周汉华:《地方政府负总责制度评析》,载《国家行政学院学报》,2009年第3期。
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1707592412 [61]Margarethe Winslow,“Is Democracy Good for the Environment?”,Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,Vol.48,No.5,2005,pp.771-783.
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1707592424 [67]Quan Li and Rafael Reuveny,“Democracy and Environmental Degradation”,International Studies Quarterly,Vol.50,2006,pp.935-956.
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1707592426 [68]Manus Midlarsky,“Democracy and the Environment:An Empirical Assessment”,Journal of Peace Research,Vol.35,1998,pp.341-361.
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1707592430 [70]代表性文献,参见Graham Smith,Deliberative Democracy and the Environment,London:Routledge,2003;Walter E.Baber and Robert Bartlett,Deliberative Environmental Politics:Democracy and Ecological Rationality,Cambridge,MA,MIT Press,2005。
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1707592432 [71]Robert Heilbroner,An Inquiry into the Human Prospect,New York:Norton,1974.
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1707592434 [72]William Ophuls,Ecologyand the Politics of Scarcity:Prologue to A Political Theory of the Steady State,San Francisco:WH Freeman and Co.,1977.
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1707592436 [73]David Shearman and Joseph Wayne Smith,The Climate Change Challenge and the Failure of Democracy,Westport:Praeger,2007.
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1707592438 [74]〔澳〕马克·比森:《环境威权主义的到来》,载俞可平主编:《中国治理评论》第2辑,中央编译出版社2012年版,第151—173页。
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1707592440 [75]ChingPing Tang and ShuiYan Tang,“Democratization and Capacity Building for Environmental Governance:Managing Land Subsidence in Taiwan”,Environment and Planning A,Vol.38,No.6,2006,pp.1131-1141.
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1707592442 [76]Mark Beeson,“The Coming of Environmental Authoritarianism”,Environmental Politics,Vol.19,No.2,2010,pp.276-294.
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1707592444 [77]Bruce Gilley,“Authoritarian Environmentalism and Chinas Response to Climate Change”,Environmental Politics,Vol.21,No.2,2012,pp.287-307.
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1707592446 [78]Sarah Eaton and Genia Kostka.“Authoritarian Environmentalism Undermined?Local LeadersTime Horizons and Environmental Policy Implementation in China”,The China Quarterly,Vol.218,2014,pp.359-380.
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1707592451 中国地方环境政治:政策与执行之间的距离 [:1707591922]
1707592452 中国地方环境政治:政策与执行之间的距离 第二章 环境政策制定系统及其环境政策的特征
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1707592454 环境作为一种典型的公共物品,其严重的“外部性”,决定了政府在环境保护方面负有不可推卸的责任。[1]理论上,政府有义务为每个公民提供符合人类健康标准的大气、水等环境公共物品,作为公民个人的基本生存权利的保障,这就是环境哲学所讲的环境权。环境史的研究告诉人们,因为战争、饥荒、灾害、人口迁徙等原因造成的环境污染和生态破坏自古就有[2],但民众要求政府在环境治理中起主导作用的诉求直到现代社会大规模的工业污染发生之后才出现。从全世界范围来看,直到1970年代环境问题才真正引起各国政府的重视。欧美国家大规模的环境运动是促使这些国家政府开始不断制定环境政策以回应民众环境诉求的主要推动力量。1972年在斯德哥尔摩召开的联合国人类环境会议是以主权国家政府为单位的国际社会开始共同应对那些挑战人类生存的环境问题的象征性事件。会议达成的《人类环境宣言》首次确定了国家对环境保护的责任。
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