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社会关系与空间结构 结语
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不平衡的空间发展不仅仅是这样一个经济现象:它以异质的方式围绕着空间经济来部署工业部门,但却对在整个系统的不同部分中形成的阶级关系产生均质的影响。这个观念是本文的前提。恰恰相反,我们假定存在着取决于资本主义发展不平衡性的重要的社会空间变化。这些变化是特定的具有独特空间的生产条件和具有空间界限的社会实践综合作用的结果。这些实践体现了阶级之间相对的统治与被统治关系,这种关系构成了为利润而生产的最必要的条件。
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我并不是仅仅重复在证明上述结论时所提出的理论、分析和经验的论证,而是让人注意到三个特点。我认为,在上述相对团结的地区的形成过程中,这三个特点已经成为最强大的因素。它们是:阶级关系及其前工业的大众面貌;非顺从的工人阶级仅仅在形式上仍然屈从于赢利性生产霸权的方式;大众控制的、对立的自我教育体系借以再生产出反抗的制度结构。
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近五十年来,大众的社会主义远不只是一张乌托邦主义的药方,更是一种在资本主义生产关系的(无疑是松散的)空隙中存在的替代文化。
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在那些有助于让种分析结出硕果的理论手段的语境下,最重要的是如下令人信服的证据:“葛兰西式的”有机知识分子在南威尔士煤田是一种物质力量。诸如成人教育体系这样的制度结构被认为具有至关重要的意义,因为它们的——大概也是唯一的——自觉目标是培养一种充分了解的领导人,能够表达消除工业私有制的普遍愿望。关键在于我们没有看到“原始的造反”得以适时发生的随机或自发过程。的确,正如格温·威廉姆斯(Gwyn Williams)所言:“对于许多使我们在这一标题下忙碌的威尔士运动来说,‘老道的叛逆’是一个更合适的称号。”(40)
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因此,南威尔士煤田能够继续充当一个相对强大的中心,通过大量的经济、社区、文化和历史互动,反抗当时占统治地位的社会关系,把这些关系转化为最为日常和理所当然的、因更强大而被视为普通的实践。然而,正是这些实践的选择性的自反性而不是非自反性,才是布尔迪厄所说的“习性”(habitus)或文化具体性(41)的定义特征,也是导致性别压迫关系的原因,而南威尔士激进主义成就的基础就是这种压迫性的性别关系。在缺乏知识的审视(有机的或其他方式的)的情况下,本章所讨论的那些实践会僵化成了各种惯例。
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(1) Williams, G., The Welsh in their History, 1982, p. 185.自19世纪20年代以来,煤田在议会中的代表始终是工党(独立工党或工党)。在这个意义上,南威尔士显然是社会主义的。尽管如此,但是共产党——在欧洲其他地方“红色地带”的观念通常与它相关——的力量仅限于矿工工会的领导(参见Francis, H. and Smith, D. The Fed: a History of the South Wales Miners in the Twentieth Century, London, 1980)或S. Macintyre (Little Moscows. Communism and Working-class Militancy in Inter-war Britain, London, 1980)所描述的煤田地区。
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(2) 关于城市的历史角色的讨论散见于Gramsci, A., Selections from Prison Notebooks, London, 1971;皮埃蒙特的重要性可参见Gramsci, A., Selections from Prison Notebooks, 1971; Selections from Political Writings 1910-1920, 1977。Gramsci的Selections from Political Writings 1981-1926 (London, 1978)一书对南方问题则进行了广泛的讨论。
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(3) R. Price的“The Labour Process and Labour History”(载Social History, 1983, Vol. 8, pp. 57-75)一文提出了类似的观点。
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(4) 对此的出色解释,参见Metzgar, J., “Plant Shutdowns and Worker Response: The Case of Johnstown, Pa.,” Socialist Review, 1980, Vol. 43, pp. 9-50。
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(5) Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London, 1979; Giddens, A., A Contem porary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981.
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(6) Bleitrach, D. and Chenu, A., L’usine et la Vie: Luttes Regionales, Paris, 1979; Bleitrach, D. and Chenu, A., “Modes of Domination and Everyday Life: Some Notes on Recent Research” in Harloe, M. and Lebas, E., eds., New Perspectives in Urban Change and Conflict, London, 1981, pp. 105-115. 关于1979年法文书籍的评论(英文),参见Coing, H., “Review of L’usine et la vie: lutes regionales,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 433-436; 以及E. Lebas的“Urban and Regional Sociology in Advanced Industrial Societies: A Decade of Marxist and Critical Perspectives”(Current Sociology, 1982, Vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-107)一文的讨论。
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(7) 关于这一点,参见Loubère, L., Radicalism in Mediterranean France, Albany, New York, 1974; Judt, T., Socialism in Provence, 1871-1914, Cambridge, 1979; Agulhon, M., The Republic in the Village: The people of the Var from the French Revolution to the Second Republic, Cambridge, 1982。
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(8) 例如,当与工资关系相符的流通对于建构工人日常生活可能具有某种重要性时,为何只考虑生产与消费呢?
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(9) 关于超出这个观点的讨论,参见Kreckel, R., “Unequal Opportunity Structure and Labour Market Segmentation,” Sociology, 1980, Vol. 14, pp. 267-550; Berger, S. and Piore, M., Dualism and Discontinuity in Industrial Societies, Cambridge, 1980; Cooke, P., “Labour Market Discontinuity and Spatial Development,” Media, Culture and Society, 1983, Vol. 2, pp. 297-312; Cooke, P., Theories of Planning and Spatial Development, London, 1983); Taylor, M. and Thrift, M., Capital, Location and Organisation。
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(10) 对这种论证的阐释,参见Harvey, D., The Limits of Capital, Oxford, 1982。
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(11) 参见Williams, J., “The Road to Tonypandy,” Llafur, 1973, Vol. 1, pp. 3-14; Williams, G., “Locating a Welsh Working Class: The Frontier Years” in Smith, D., ed., A People and Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980, London, 1980, pp. 16-46。
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(12) 关于理论的讨论,参见Lazonick, W., “The Subjection of Labour to Capital: The Rise of the Capitialist System,” Review of Radical Political Economics, 1978, Vol. 10, pp. 1-31。
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(13) Littler,C.,“Deskilling and Changing Structures of Control” in Wood,S.,ed.,The Degradation of Work?; London,pp. 122-145.
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(14) Daunton成功地反驳了工作日的时间重组,关于这种反驳的细节,参见Daunton, M., “Down the Pit: Work in the Great Northern and South Wales Coalfields, 1870-1914,” Economic History Review, 1981, Vol. 34, pp. 578-597。
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(15) 关于英格兰东北部矿工的免租房,参见Daunton, M., “‘Miners’ houses: South Wales and the Great Northern Coalfield, 1880-1914,” International Review of Social History, 1980, Vol. 25, pp. 143-175; Daunton, M., “Down the Pit: Work in the Great Northern and South Wales Coalfields, 1870-1914,” Economic History Review, 1981, Vol. 34, pp. 578-597。
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(16) Daunton, M. “Down the pit: Work in the Great Northern and South Wales Coalfields, 1870-1914,” Economic History Review, 1981, Vol. 34, p. 579.
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(17) Morgan, K. O., Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880-1980, Oxford, 1982.
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(18) 对于承包制及其意义比较全面的论述,参见Cooke, P., “Class Relations and Uneven Development in Wales,” in Day, G. et al., Diversity and Decomposition in the Labour Market, Farnborough, 1982, pp. 150-151。
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(19) 参见Walters, R., “Capital Formation in the South Wales Coal Industry,” Welsh Historical Review, 1980, Vol. 10, pp. 69-92。
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