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社会关系与空间结构 致谢
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非常感谢彼得·古尔德和约翰·兰顿（John Langton）对这篇论文较早版本的详细评论，以及罗恩·约翰斯顿（Ron Johnston）、阿兰·普雷德、奈杰尔·斯瑞夫特、约翰·厄里和阿兰·威尔森（Alan Wilson）的有益回应。我尤其要感谢托斯滕·哈格斯特朗，他慷慨地纠正了我的许多错误观念，并且允许我自由引用我们之间的通信内容和他的著述。
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(1) Giddens, A., AContemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol.1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, pp. 196 and 30.
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(2) Pred, A., “The Choreography of Existence: Comments on Hägerstrand’s Time-geography and its Usefulness,” Economic Geography, 1977, Vol. 53, p. 208; Urry, J., The Anatomy of Capitalist Societies: The Economy, Civil Society and the State, London, 1981.
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(3) 参见Harvey, D, The limits to capital, Oxford, 1982; Massey, D., Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production, London, 1984; Storper, M. and Walker, R., “The Theory of Labour and the Theory of Location,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1983, Vol. 7, pp. 1－44; Walker, R. and Storper, M., “Capital and Industrial Location,” Progress in Human Geography, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 473－509。
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(4) 参见Clark, G. and Dear, M., State Apparatus: Structures and Language of Legitimacy, London, 1984; Scott, A., The Urban Land Nexus and the State, London, 1980; Soja在本书中的文章。
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(5) Giddens, A., AContemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981.
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(6) 具有这种观点的并非只有我一个人：参见Soja, E., “Redoubling the Helix: Space-time and the Critical Social Theory of Anthony Giddens,” Environment and PlanningA, 1983, Vol. 15, pp. 1267－1272; Urry, “Some Themes in the Analysis of the Anatomy of Contemporary Capitalist Societies,” Acta Sociologica, 1982, Vol. 25, pp. 405－418。这种“边缘化”至少在一定程度上是通过海德格尔和马克思对Giddens的影响而发生的：虽然这两个著作者都评论了空间问题——例如，“区域”概念或“综合且不平衡发展”概念——但二者主要关注的仍然是时间性。我将在“Presences and Absences: Time-Space Relations and Strucration Theory”（载Held, D. and Thompson, J., eds., The Critical Theory of the Advanced Societies, Cambridge, forthcoming）一文中详细探讨这个问题。
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(7) Sack, R.D., “The Spatial Separatist Theme in Geography,” Economic Geography, 1974, Vol. 50, pp. 1－19. 我说“通常”是因为在其区位理论的最初表述中，Thünen、韦伯和芝加哥学派的成员显然完全不漠视社会理论。
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(8) 参见Wright, E. O., “Giddens’s Critique of Marxism,” New Left Review, 1983, Vol. 138, pp. 11－36。
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(9) 我并不打算用这一点来拒斥哲学，并且如果一些人对哲学的元理论探讨持讥讽姿态，嘲笑哲学发现的“自明性”，那么他们必须解释（1）他们确信自己行动的理由以及（2）将这些信条付诸实践过程中出现的困难。到时诉诸“直觉上显而易见的”意志将不会对他们有益。
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(10) 关于评论，参见Hudson, J. C., Geographical Diffusion Theory, Evenston, Illinois, 1972。
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(11) 参见Duncan, J., “The Superorganic in American Cultural Geography,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1980, Vol. 70, pp. 181－198。
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(12) Hägerstrand, T., InnovationsförloppeturKorologiskSynpunkt, Lund, 1953；英译本Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967；也请注意Hägerstrand的“The Propagation of Innovation Waves”（载Lund Studies in Geography: Series B: Human Geography, 1952, no. 4）一文中的初稿。Hägerstrand对英译本标题的评论出现在他于1984年2月写给Gregory的一封信中。关于Hägerstrand的思想在英美地理学中的传播，参见Duncan, S., “The Isolation of Scientific Discovery: Indifference and Resistance to a New Idea,” Science Studies, 1974, Vol. 4, pp. 109－134。
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(13) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, p. 5；地图序列在58—62页。这些旨在改善放牧的政府津贴于1928年2月开始发放，此前还出台了一系列“不成熟”和不成功的措施。能够获得这些津贴的农场主所持有的未开垦土地不得超过10公顷，无论他们是自用业主（owner-occupiers）还是佃农（tenant-farmers），并且这项计划由中央农村经济协会（Rural Economy Association）实施（pp. 46－49）。Hägerstrand认为，“放牧改善津贴可能最接近于理想的指示仪——它的扩散是在恒常条件下发生的”（p. 70）。
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(14) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 163－164；地图在233页，该图以交流地区相互间的通话为基础：pp. 221－222详细给出了T值的推导过程。
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(15) Hägerstrand. T., “Aspects of the Spatial Structure of Social Communication and the Diffusion of Information,” Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association, 1966, Vol. 16, p. 27.
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(16) 关于Hägerstrand模型的补充说明，参见Amedeo, D. and Golledge, R., An Introduction to Scientific Reasoning in Geography, New York, 1975, pp. 227－256; Morrill和Pitts的“Marriage, Migration and the Mean Information Field: a study in uniqueness and generality”（载Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1967, Vol. 57, pp. 401－422）一文探讨了“平均信息场”概念，而Wolpert的“A regional Simulation Model of Information Diffusion”（载Public Opinion Quarterly, 1966, Vol. 30, pp. 597－608）一文——也是通过研究瑞典案例——则进一步详细论述了这个概念。关于Hägerstrand对空间建模的贡献的评论，参见Haggett, P., Cliff, A. D. and Frey, A., Locational Analysis in Human Geography, London, 1977, pp. 232－247。
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(17) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 11, 14 and 135.
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(18) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 132 and 2. 参见Hägerstrand, T., “In Search for the Sources of Concepts” in Buttimer, A., ed., The Practice of Geography, 1983, p. 247, Hägerstrand在这里回忆了Lundberg的主张引起的反响，这个主张认为“科学的目的在一切领域都是相同的，也就是获得关于事件序列的、可证实的普遍化”。Hägerstrand继续说道，地理学家那时很少谈论“事件序列”，“这首新曲听起来悦耳动人”。
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(19) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, pp. 133－134；也见Brown, L. A. and Cox, K. R., “Empirical Regularities in the Diffusion of Innovation,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1971, Vol. 61, pp. 551－559.
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(20) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967, p. 6. Hägerstrand最初的地图中是否存在空间自相关（spatial autocorrelation），与这里的这个理论而非实质性主张无关；关于这些地图的复杂统计分析，参见Cliff, A. D., “The Neighbourhood Effect in the Diffusion of Innovations,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Vol. 44, 1968, pp. 75－84; Haining, R., “Spatial and Spatial－temporal Interaction Models and the Analysis of Patterns of Diffusion,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1983, Vol. 8, pp. 15－60。
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(21) 这就是Hägerstrand的蒙特卡罗模拟的基础：参见Hägerstrand, T., “A Monte Carlo Approach to Diffusion,” Archives Européenes de Sociologie, 1965, Vol. 6, pp. 43－67; Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967。
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(22) Lévi－Strauss, C., The Elementary Structures of Kinship, 1969, p. 21.
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(23) Carlstein, T., “Innovation, Time-allocation and Space-time Packing” in Carlstein, T., Parkes, D. and Thrift, N., eds., Timing Space and Spacing Time (3 vols), London, 1978, Vol. 1, p. 146.
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