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社会关系与空间结构 地点生成过程中的变化
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虽然思科讷省东南部和西南部的所有村落具有显然类似的自然环境并且存在于同样的大环境中——与同样的国家机器互动,并且存在于同样的民族和“欧洲世界”经济中——但是,每一个村落的生成方式都略有不同,因为单个地块圈地之前、期间和之后,宏观结构特征都在当地进行了渗透。尽管在这里描绘的事件和结果具有总体类似性,但是每个村落中日常生活和个人经历形成的具体细节随着具有物质连续性的结构化过程在当地展开而有所变化。在每一个地点,过去积淀的习俗和当地权力关系都将独一无二的属性赋予了当地路径—计划交叉过程。在每一个地点,具体个人的能动性和“外部—内部”辩证法都发挥了作用。在每一个地点,自然环境的微观层面变化所产生的机会,或者范围狭窄的“结婚场地”,或者直至18世纪40年代末还阻碍了邻近村落间几乎所有必要旅行的原始路况使得当地生成(local becoming)不可避免的独特性变得更为突出。(64)
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除了单个地块圈地的确切时间安排存在明显差异之外,各个村落生成过程中的变化也从诸如销售给城市商人的农产品品种搭配村村都有明显不同、当地主要的围栏和围墙建筑习俗各种各样等方面反映出来。(65)当地结构化过程展现的独特性也通过服装、发型、饮食和手工艺品上体现的次区域的(sub-regional)差异和特定的地点差异以及夸张描述整个村落性质的韵文反映出来。(66)也许最富有意味的是,不同村落居民使用的、基于实践、促成实践且主导思维的语言存在差异。“严格说来,在厄斯特伦地区几乎没有使用同一种语言的两个教区。”实际上众所周知,厄斯特伦两个相邻村落博比(Borrby)和桑德比(Sandby)的居民说明显不同的方言,而这两个村落的中心相距不到三公里。此外,不同村落和次区域用以表达蔬菜、其他景观细节、时间指示、家庭用品、特定的鱼肉以及肥料的词语以及特定的行为动词有细致而明确的差异。(67)
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社会关系与空间结构 结语
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第一主题(总体概要)
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任何地点的历史偶然生成,也就是既定区域内所有作为地点的场景和所有发生的一切,与结构化过程在该地点 (以及其他与之在经济、政治或别的方面相互依赖的地点)的具有物质连续性的展开密不可分。换言之,任何一个地点都是一个持续进行的过程,社会和文化形式的再生产、个人经历的形成以及自然和空间的转变借助这一过程相互生成;与此同时,时空中具体路径—计划交叉与权力关系不断相互生成,而其生成方式受到普遍规律的制约,但因历史环境也有所不同。
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第二主题(瑞典个案)
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厄斯特伦地区和思科讷省西南部地区单个地块圈地前的村落空间配置源自这种圈地前的习俗及构成其基础的微观和宏观权力关系。空间的重新安排——合并的地块取代了分散的条田——产生了经过调整的新日常路径和权力关系。
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尾声(总体概要)
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SOCIAL
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sSpOaCtIiAaLl
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SsPoAcTiIaAlL
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SPATIAL
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(1) 关于“新人文主义”地理学家的地点处理和地点意识有一些批判性评论,参见Cosgrove, D., “Place, Landscape and the Dialectics of Cultural Geography,” Canadian Geographer, 1978, Vol. 22, pp. 66-72.; Hudson, R., “Space, Place and Placelessness: Some Questions Concerning Methodology,” Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 3, 1979, pp. 169-173; Sayer,A., “Epistemology and Conceptions of People and Nature in Geography,” Geoforum, 1979, Vol. 10, pp. 19-44; Ley, D., “Cultural / humanistic Geography,” Progress in Human Geography, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 249-257; Pred, A., “Structuration and Place: On the Becoming of Sense of Place and Structure of Feeling,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 1983, Vol. 13, pp. 45-68。
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(2) 关于其他对地点、地区和作为社会产物的空间组织的评论, 参见Soja, E., “The Socio-spatial Dialectic,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1980, Vol. 70, pp. 207-225; Urry, J., “Localities, Regions and Social Class,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, pp. 455-474; Gregory, D., “Human Agency and Human Geography,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1981, Vol. 6, pp. 1-18; Gregory, D., Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woollen Industry, LondonandMinneapolis, 1982。
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(3) Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979, pp. 106-107; Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, pp. 39 and 45.
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(4) Pred, A., “Place as Historically Contingent Process: Structuration and the Time-geography of Becoming Places,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1984, Vol. 74, pp. 279-297;也见Pred, A., ed., Space and Time in Geography: Essays Dedicated to Torsten Hägerstrand, Lund Studies in Geography, 1981, Series B, No. 48; Pred, A., “Social Reproduction and the Time-geography of Everyday Life,” Geografiska Annaler B, 1981, Vol. 63, pp. 5-22; Pred, A., “Structuration and Place: On the Becoming of Sense of Place and Structure of Feeling,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 1983, Vol. 13, pp. 45-68。
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(5) 可能与结构化理论有关联的著作者非常多。对我的理论表述发生影响的一组著作如下: Berger, P. L.and Luckmann, T., The Social Construction of Reality: a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Garden City, 1967; Giddens, A., New Rules of Sociological Method, London, 1976; Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979; Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981; Kosik, K., Dialectics of the Concrete, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 1976, no. 52; Bhaskar, R., A Realist Theory of Social Science, BrightonandAtlanticHighlands, 1978;Bhaskar, R., The Possibility of Naturalism: a Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, Brighton, 1979; Bourdieu, P., Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, 1977; Touraine, A., The Self-production of society, Chicago, 1977; Williams, R., Marxism and Literature, Oxford, 1977; Shotter, J., “‘Duality of Structure’ and ‘Intentionality’ in an Ecological Psychology: Towards a Science of Individuality,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 1983, Vol. 13, pp. 19-43。也请注意Gregory的Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woollen Industry(London and Minneapolis, 1982)一书中的简明介绍。
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(6) 更为详细地探讨了时间地理学语言的著述有: Hägerstrand, T., “What about People in Regional Science?” Papers and Proceeding of the Regional Science Association, 1970, Vol. 24, pp. 7-21; Hägerstrand, T., “Commentary”in Buttimer, A., Values in Geography (Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, Vol. 7, pp. 17-34; Pred, A., “Urbanisation, Domestic Planning Problems and Swedish Geographic Research, “Progress in Geography, 1973, Vol. 5, pp. 1-36; Pred, A., “The Impact of Techonological and Institutional Innovations on Life Content: Some Time-Geographic Observations, “Economic Geography, 1978, Vol. 53, pp. 207-221; Parkes, D. and Thrift, N., Times, Spaces and Places: A Chronogeographic Perspective, New York, 1980; Carlstein, T., Time Resources, Society and Ecology, Vol. 1, Preindustrial Societies, London, 1982; Gregory, 本书。
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(7) 尽管维达尔学派的传统具有优点,但是这一传统作为用过程术语(processual terms)建构地点概念和地区概念的基础并非没有局限性:参见Gregory, D., “Human Agency and Human Geography,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1981, Vol. 6, pp. 1-18; Pred, A., “Place as Historically Contingent Process: Structuration and the Time-geography of Becoming Places,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1984, Vol. 74, pp. 279-297。
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(8) 尽管社会理论家和哲学家常常以根本不同的方式将难以捉摸的权力概念定义并解释为一种社会关系,但是这里所规定的属性通常显然存在于或暗含于权力关系之中。
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(9) 请注意Giddens的A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State(London and Berkeley, 1981)一书中关于“时空距离化”的论述以及与之相联系的、关于社会整合和系统整合的论述。
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(10) 一旦一个人承诺在既定时间和地点参与任何计划,那么他就不能够:(1)同时在别处做别的事情;(2)参加任何其他与上述计划空间上分离、开始时间不同但运作时间部分重叠的计划;或者(3)参加另一个与上述计划没有时间冲突但因行程时间要求而鞭长莫及的计划。
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