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1704516449 创造性破坏的力量 [:1704513584]
1704516450 创造性破坏的力量 6.结论
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1704516452 我们在本章的讨论有四个主要思想。第一,尽管受自然资源存量有限的制约并必须抗击全球气候变暖,创新仍可以让人类的生活水平和品质持续改善。第二,创新不会自发转向环境友好型,过去在污染技术上开展生产和创新的企业倾向于继续停留在污染技术领域(路径依赖现象)。因此,我们需要政府干预把创新引向绿色技术。当然政府不能替代企业,而应该通过激励来发挥影响。我们由此讨论了促使企业转向绿色创新的几种杠杆措施:碳税、绿色创新补贴、向发展中国家的技术转移,以及惩罚污染天堂的碳关税等。第三,对天然气等中间能源的利用可以在短期内减少二氧化碳排放,但可能让创新焦点陷入中间能源领域,从而妨碍向清洁能源转型。这里再度需要政策制定者发挥作用,选择合适的政策组合,以防止各国在能源转型的中间位置停滞不前。第四,民间社会可以扮演关键角色,鼓励企业开展绿色技术创新。我们提到了消费者的作用,但企业社会责任的各种内容也都与此有关。关于政府与民间社会的协同作用,我们在第15章还将述及。
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1704516454 [1]Donella H. Meadows, Denis L. Meadows, Jøgen Randers, and William W. Behrens, III,TheLimitstoGrowth(New York: Universe Books, 1972).
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1704516456 [2]Christian Gollier,Leclimataprèslafindumois(Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2019). ppm是反映空气污染程度的浓度指标,意指100万个空气分子中包含的污染物(此处为二氧化碳)分子数的数量。
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1704516458 [3]即本书第1章介绍的索洛增长模型的同类模型,唯一区别是,此处的最终产品的生产还需要自然资源投入。
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1704516460 [4]Philippe Aghion, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, David Hémous, Ralf Martin, and John Van Reenen,“Carbon Taxes, Path Dependency, and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Auto Industry,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy124,no. 1(2016):1 -51.
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1704516462 [5]电动车是否应该划入“清洁”类型仍存在争议。电动车制造中采用的许多部件的生产未必是生态友好型的,例如电池(ADEME, April 2016, https: // www.ademe. fr/ sites/ default/ files/ assets/ documents/ potential-electric-vehicles. pdf) .
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1704516464 [6]当“黄马甲”运动于2018年秋季在法国兴起时,由于进口石油提价,汽油价格已经非常高,而不是因为于每年1月1日设定的碳税提高。但该运动的激烈程度促使法国政府在2018年预算法案中下调了碳税的年度上调计划。
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1704516466 [7]以新古典范式为基础的若干开创性环境经济学论文包括: Martin L.Weitzman,“On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change,”Review of Economics and Statistics91, no. 1(2009):1 -19;Mikhail Golosov, John Hassler, Per Krusell, and Aleh Tsyvinski,“Optimal Taxes on Fossil Fuel in General Equilibrium,”Econometrica82, no. 1(2014):41 -88;John Hassler, Per Krusell, and A. A. Smith,“Environmental Macroeconomics,” inHandbookofMacroeconomics, ed. John B. Taylor and Harald Uhlig, vol. 2,1893 -2008(Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2016); Michael Greenstone and B. Kelsey Jack,“Envirodevonomics: A Research Agenda for an Emerging Field,”JournalofEconomicLiterature53, no. 1(2015):5 -42.
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1704516468 [8]William D. Nordhaus,“The ‘ DICE ’ Model: Background and Structure of a Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy Model of the Economics of Global Warming,”Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper 1009, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, February 1992.
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1704516470 [9]Nicholas Stern,The Economics of Climate Change:The Stern Review(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2006).
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1704516472 [10]William D. Nordhaus,“A Review of the SternReviewontheEconomicsofClimateChange,”Journal of Economic Literature45, no. 3(2007):686 -702.
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1704516474 [11]本节内容,另可参见Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, Leonardo Bursztyn,and David Hémous,“The Environment and Directed Technical Change,”AmericanEconomicReview102, no. 1(2012):131 -166.
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1704516476 [12]参见本章注释5中关于电动车是否属于绿色技术的疑问的介绍。
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1704516478 [13]我们这里讨论发达国家与发展中国家的差异,同一论证也适用于不同技术发展水平的国家之间的关系。
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1704516480 [14]Milton Friedman,“The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,”NewYorkTimesMagazine, September 13,1970,32 -33,122 -124; Arthur C. Pigou,TheEconomicsofWelfare(London: Macmillan, 1920).
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1704516482 [15]Jean Tirole and Roland Bénabou,“Individual and Corporate Social Responsibility,”Economica77, no. 305(2010):1 -19.
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1704516484 [16]Philippe Aghion, Roland Bénabou, Ralf Martin, and Alexandra Roulet,“Environmental Preferences and Technological Choices: Is Market Competition Clean or Dirty?”(NBER Working Paper No. 26921, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, April 2020).
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1704516486 [17]“Americans’ Preference for Environmental Protection vs. Economic Growth, 1984 -2019,” Gallup Poll, https: // news. gallup. com/ poll/ 248243/ preference-environment economy-largest -2000. aspx.
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1704516488 [18]页岩气是包含于沉积岩中的天然气。与埋藏于渗透岩中、易于开采的传统天然气不同,页岩气所处的岩层渗透性很低,孔隙少。因此其开采更为复杂,需要水力压裂等专门技术,把水和化合物以高压注入,以碎裂岩层。
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1704516490 [19]页岩气的环境影响仍存在激烈争议。Robert Howarth及其合作者指出,与传统天然气开采相比,水利压力排放的甲烷至少多出30%,另外我们知道,甲烷造成的温室效应比二氧化碳更为严重。还有,水力压裂技术也存在争议,因为可能导致地下水污染。参见: Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro, and Anthony Ingraffea,“Methane and the Greenhouse-Gas Footprint of Natural Gas from Shale Formations,”ClimaticChange106, no. 4(2011):679 -690.
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1704516492 [20]Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, Lint Barrage, and David Hémous,“Climate Change, Directed Innovation, and Energy Transition: The Long-Run Consequences of the Shale Gas Revolution,”2019 Meeting Papers, No. 1302, Society for Economic Dynamics. https: // scholar. harvard. edu/ aghion/ publications / climate change-directed-innovation-and-energy-transition-long-run-consequences.
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1704516497 创造性破坏的力量 [:1704513585]
1704516498 创造性破坏的力量 第10章 创新的背后
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