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技术陷阱:从工业革命到AI时代,技术创新下的资本、劳动与权力 [
:1704601991]
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技术陷阱:从工业革命到AI时代,技术创新下的资本、劳动与权力 附 录
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图5
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根据R. C. Allen, 2009b, “Engels’ Pause: Technical Change, Capital Accumulation, and Inequality in the British Industrial Revolution”, Explorations in Economic History 46(4): 418-35, appendix I制作而成,使用了以下资料:
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国内生产总值(GDP)的要素成本估算来自C. H. Feinstein,1998, “Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution”, Journal of Economic History 58 (3): 625-58; B. Mitchell, 1988, British Historical Statistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 837, for 1830-1900。
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人均实际产出数据来自N. F. Crafts, 1987, “British Economic Growth, 1700-1850: Some Difficulties of Interpretation”, Explorations in Economic History 20 (4): 245-68。
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1770—1882年英国全职工人平均周薪数据来自Feinstein 1998, appendix table 1, 652-53; 1883—1900年英国全职工人平均周薪数据来自Feinstein, 1990, “New Estimates of Average Earnings in the United Kingdom”, Economic History Review 43 (4): 592-633。
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1770—1869年的生活成本指数数据来自R. C. Allen, 2007, “Pessimism Preserved:Real Wages in the British Industrial Revolution” (Working Paper 314, Department of Economics, Oxford University), appendix 1。
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1870—1900年大不列颠/英国的生活成本指数数据来自C. H. Feinstein, 1991, “A New Look at the Cost of Living”, in New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy, edited by J. Foreman-Peck (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 151-79。
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我转换了1882年以后的工资指数,数据来自Feinstein 1990, based on 1880-81, the benchmark year in C. H. Feinstein, 1998, “Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution”, Journal of Economic History 58(3): 625-58。The nominal wage for 1770-1881 is derived from Feinstein 1998 and for 1882-1900, it is derived from Feinstein 1990。
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根据Allen 2009b,我通过N. F. Crafts 1987,table 1中的资料来得出人均实际工资增长率,此处一直倒推到了1770年以前。
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所有GDP、工资和人口数据都来自R. Thomas and N. Dimsdale, 2016, “Three Centuries of Data-Version 3.0” (London: Bank of England), https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets。
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图9
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图表根据R. J. Gordon,2016,The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press),figure8-7制作而成,使用了以下资料:
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1929—2016年美国实际GDP数据、1870—2016年生产工人的时薪(名义工资,以美元计)和1870—1928年GDP平均指数均来自L. Johnston and S. H. Williamson, 2018, “What Was the U.S. GDP Then?”, http://www.measuringworth.org/usgdp//。
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1870—1929年的名义国民生产总值(GNP)数据来自N. S. Balke and R. J. Gordon,1989, “The Estimation of Prewar Gross National Product:Methodology and New Evidence”, Journal of Political Economy 97(1): 38-92,table 10。
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1870—1947年的总工时数据来自J. W. Kendrick, 1961, Productivity Trends in the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), table A-X。
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1948—1966年的总工时数据来自J. W. Kendrick, 1973, Postwar Productivity Trends in the United States, 1948-1969 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research [NBER] Books), table A-10。
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1967—1975年间个人平均每周生产小时总数和非主管雇员的数据来自劳动统计局,2015. “Employment,Hours,and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics Survey” (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Labor)。
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1976—2016年所有行业和非农行业的平均每周工作时间数据来自劳动统计局,2015, “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey” (Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Labor)。
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图14
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根据B. Milanovic,2016b,Global In equality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), figure 2-1制作而成,使用了以下资料:
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美国1774年和1860年的基尼系数数字来自P. H. Lindert and J. G. Williamson, 2012, “American Incomes 1774-1860” (Working Paper 18396, National Bureau of Economic Research,Cambridge, MA), 表6和表7;1935、1941和1944年的数据来自S. Goldsmith, G. Jaszi, H. Kaitz和M. Liebenberg, 1954, “Size Distribution of Income Since the Mid-Thirties”, Review of Economics and Statistics 36(1): 1-32;1947—1949年的数据来自E. Smolensky and R. Plotnick, 1993, “Inequality and Poverty in the United States: 1900-1990”(Paper 998-93, University of Wisconsin Institute for Research on Poverty,Madison); 1950—2015年的数据来自B. Milanovic 2016a, “All the Ginis (ALG) Dataset”, https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/all-ginis-dataset, Version October 2016”。
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