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1704787553 英文疑难详解 [:1704786994]
1704787554 英文疑难详解 9.属格的主格作用和宾格作用
1704787555
1704787556 “那囚犯的处死引起了很大的非议。”一句,译成英文的 The prisoner’s execution has caused a lot of public censure.据说译错了,但不知错在什么地方?请详加说明。
1704787557
1704787558 【解答】这句英文应改正为 The execution of the prisoner has caused a lot of public censure.才对。英文的惯用法对于属格( Possessive)是很复杂的,比方照规则是有生物用〔’s〕,无生物用 of,但例外很多,而且界说不明,植物也算是无生物,时间和距离,乃至度量衡又可作有生物看待。最无定准的是属格本身既可作主格解释,又可作宾格解释,不看前后文是没有法子作决定的,例如 his praise 到底是“他赞美别人”还是“别人赞美他”,是不能说一定的,二者都可以解释,试看下举的二例:
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1704787560 (a) She has come to sing his praise.(她来赞美他。)
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1704787562 (b) She doesn’t want his praise.(她不要他赞美。)
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1704787564 (a)句中的 his 是宾格作用的属格( Objective Possessive),所以 his praise 意为“赞美他”,而(b)句中的 his 是主格作用的属格( Subjective Possessive),所以 his praise 意为“他赞美”。现在再举几个例子对照如下:
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1704787566 (a) They hurried to their father’s rescue.(他们赶快去救父亲。)( Obj. Poss.)
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1704787568 (b) Thanks to their father’s rescue,they could return home safe.(幸获父亲援救,他们才能安然回家。)( Subj. Poss.)
1704787569
1704787570 (a) A monument is dedicated to his memory.(为纪念他而建立的石碑。)( Obj. Poss.)
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1704787572 (b) His memory is very bad.(他的记忆力很坏。)( Subj. Poss.)
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1704787574 用 of 的情形也是一样,如 a mother’s love of children(母爱)( Obj. Poss.);the love of Browning for Italy(英诗人白朗宁的爱意大利)( Subj. Poss.)。
1704787575
1704787576 这种属格一共有三种形态,即用名词+〔’s〕的,如 father’s rescue;用代名词的,如 his rescue;及用 of 的,如 the rescue of their father.可是这三种形态,并不完全相等,有时含义及用法都大有不同。大致说来,用代名词的多为主格作用,如:
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1704787578 His choice=the person or thing he has chosen.
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1704787580 His want=the want which he feels.
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1704787582 In my sight=where I can see.
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1704787584 用 of 的多为宾格作用,如:
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1704787586 The choice of him=the act of choosing him.
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1704787588 The want of him=the want which others feel of him.
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1704787590 At the sight of me=seeing me.
1704787591
1704787592 用名词与用代名词之间,有时也有很大的区别,尤其是用于宾格作用的时候,是不可以用名词的,只能用代名词或 of 两种办法。现在我们明白了,为什么质问中的句子,不能说 the prisoner’s execution,而一定要改为 the execution of the prisoner 的原因了吧。不用 of,而用代名词,说成 his execution 原是可以的,不过“他”是谁呢?要使读者或听者懂得“他”是谁,就非把 prisoner 一字说出不可,所以在这种情形之下,his execution 的表现法是用不着的。
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1704787594 现在再举两例来说明一下:
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1704787596 (a) He has never recovered her loss.( Obj. Poss.)
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1704787598 (b) She has never recovered her loss.( Subj. Poss.)
1704787599
1704787600 (a) The prisoner desired to see his wife before his execution.( Obj. Poss.)
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1704787602 (b) His execution of the task was admirable.( Subj. Poss.)
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