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英文疑难详解 123.from,since,for 三个说时间的介词
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在上一问中解答时有一例句说:
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I have known him from a child.既然用的现在完成时态,如何不用 since 而要用 from 呢?
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【解答】不错,现在完成时态,是表示从过去到现在为止的状态,而 since 也是用来指过去到现在的时间的起点(to measure time from a particular point of time in the past),在上举例句中似乎不用 from 而用 since 更为适合,不过语文是注重惯用法的,用:“from+普通名词”或“since+抽象名词”,正是惯用的说法,所以上例是不能把 from 改为 since 的,仍然要说:
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I have known him from a child.不过也不是绝对的,如果要用 since 的话,就说:
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I have known him since his childhood.意思还是一样。介词 from 是表时间的起点的,除上举的 from a child 外,还可说 from a boy,from olden times 及 from (one’s)childhood 等等,这些表现都可以和现在完成时态同用,但用过去时态也未尝不可,例如:
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They have been friends from (或 since) childhood.(他们从幼时起就成为朋友了。)
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They have loved each other from their childhood.(他们从幼时起就相爱了。)
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From a boy he was fond of study.(从幼时起他就好学。)
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He was studious from his childhood.(他自髫龄即好学。)
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From olden times men have been making use of fire.(从古昔开始人们就一直在用火。)
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英文的 since 作介词用时还有:
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I have been here since four o’clock ( Friday, February,1964, your last visit, etc.)(我从四点钟起就在这里。)
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这个 since 的意思是“从那时以来”(during the time subsequent to)。有时也可以说:
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I have been here since six months ago.(我从六个月以前开始就在这里。)
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如改说 I have been here for six months.(我到这里已经六个月了),当然更为常用,for 是表示时间的期限。比较下面二例:
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There has been no great Italian painter since the eighteenth century.(从十八世纪以后,意大利就没有伟大的画家了。)
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There has been no great Italian painter for two hundred years.(意大利有两百年没有产生伟大的画家了。)
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英文疑难详解 124.介词的宾语
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英文法中常说介词的宾语,意即在介词后面要接名词,但如 without fail 等为何又可以接动词呢?介词的宾语除名词外,还有些什么词类?
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【解答】介词是用于名词之间的媒介语,所以有所谓介词的宾语,因为宾语必须是名词或名词同等语。在质问中举出的 without fail 一个成语中,那个 fail 也是名词,不是动词,在古代造字不多,动词和名词,形容词和副词,常共用一字。
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介词后面是不能用动词作宾语的,除动词外其他差不多都可以用,现将基本的名词及代名词放下不提,只就其他的词类分别举例如下:
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