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英文疑难详解 169.business, calling, employment, occupation, profession, trade 等作“职业”解的字
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作“职业”解的英文有 business,calling,employment,occupation,profession,trade 等,不知用法上有何分别?
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【解答】 Business 是由“终日忙着在做”的事,变成职务,再由职务变成职业,通常指以营利为目的的职业,例如:
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What is your business?(你的职业是什么?)
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There is a man who makes a business of it.(有人以此为专业。)
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Calling 原义为“天职”,同 vocation 一样颇为崇高的字,惟来源不同,calling 是条顿字,而 vocation 是由拉丁文来的。此字原有上帝所命的职业那种意思,但后来也用作赖此为生的普通的职业了。例:
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A man of letters follows the noblest calling which any man can pursue.—— W. M. Thackeray(文人从事于人皆可为的最高尚的职业。)
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Employment 是由“雇佣”而转变成的“职业”,常有雇佣的关系存在,此字比 occupation 显得要短暂些(more temporary business),例如:
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The fisheries are important, giving employment to5,000persons.—— Statesman’s(渔业是很重要的,可以使五千人获得职业。)
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Occupation 是指一般人日常所从事的事业,不问种类如何,一时的或经常的(temporary or regular employment)皆可。例如:
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She is a typist by occupation.(她是打字员。)
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Teaching is an unprofitable occupation.(教书是无利可图的职业。)
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He has no fixed occupation.(他没有固定的职业。)
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Profession 意为有专门知识的需要,应用智力的职业(intellectual pursuits),原来只限于神学、法律、医学有关的职业,才可称为 profession,但后来科学发达,属于专门知识的范围增广,此字也就用得更广了,如律师、医师、教师、僧侣、作家、工程师、军人、伶人等皆可以用。
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Nagao was the son of a physician, and was educated for his father’s profession.—— L. Hearn(永雄是一位医师的儿子,也学了继承父亲的职业。)
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Trade 是指工商方面的手艺(manual training and skill)上的职业,以营利为目的的,如 bookseller’s trade(书业),一般指木工、石工、泥水匠、铁匠、烤面包的商人、订书匠、屠夫等等。
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They fished as if they had been brought up to the trade.—— J. A. Froude(他们钓鱼的本领颇佳,俨然是他们从小学会的本行一样。)
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此外可作“职业”解的,还有 pursuit,craft, avocation 等字,一并说明如下:
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Pursuit 此字常用复数形,意为专心从事或一心去研究的学业,如 literary pursuits 或 commercial pursuits, daily pursuits 等。
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Fishing and hunting were their universal pursuits.(渔猎是他们一般的职业。)
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He devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits.(他全力从事文学生涯。)
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Craft 是指需要有极其熟练的手艺之职业:
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The workshop is the only real school for a handicraft.—— T. H. Huxley(一种需要手工技术的行业只有在实际工作的工场里才可学到。)
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Avocation 原是指的“副业”、“嗜好”说的,不过通俗常把此字用作“本职”、“职业”。
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Mr. Brown is a lawyer, but writing stories is his avocation.(布朗先生是一个律师,但写故事是他的副业。)
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